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There are four major processes: transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception. Transduction refers to the processes by which tissue-damaging stimuli activate nerve endings. Transmission refers to the relay functions by which the message is carried from the site of tissue injury to the brain regions underlying perception.
Dec 29, 2023 · More specifically, when it comes to medications, most target one of the four pain phases. For instance, NSAIDs target the first phase (transduction) by reducing prostaglandins, thus decreasing the activation of nociceptors.
Feb 9, 2023 · This narrative review aims to clarify the mechanisms of transmission and the processing of pain while also taking into account the characteristics and properties of nociceptors and how the immune system influences pain perception.
Sep 26, 2022 · Beta-endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins serve as ligands that activate these receptors and cause cell hyperpolarization via activating potassium channels and blocking calcium influx—the subsequent inhibition of substance P results in blocked pain transmission.
Feb 11, 2019 · The 4 Steps of the Pain Pathway: Transduction, Transmission, Modulation, and Perception. Transduction: How a Mechanical Stimulus in Tissues Becomes an Electrical Signal in Nerves.
Signaling the central nervous system of actual or impending tissue injury requires linking peripheral nociceptive terminals, through dorsal root or trigeminal ganglion to spinal dorsal horn and cranial nerve entry points. This step requires axonal nerve conduction propagated by voltage gated sodium channels.
Jul 24, 2019 · The fundamental components of the pain pathway include (1) transduction of noxious stimuli into a neuronal signal, (2) transmission of the nociceptive signal to the CNS, (3) perception and integration in higher-order cortical structures, and (4) modulation via reciprocal and descending tracts.
