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13 hours ago · Chemistry. Nicotine is a hygroscopic, colorless to yellow-brown, oily liquid, that is readily soluble in alcohol, ether or light petroleum. It is miscible with water in its neutral amine base form between 60 °C and 210 °C. It is a dibasic nitrogenous base, having K b1 =1×10 −6, K b2 =1×10 −11. [160]
13 hours ago · The best-known execution of this type is burning at the stake, where the condemned is bound to a large wooden stake and a fire lit beneath. Effects [ edit ] In the process of being burned to death, a body experiences burns to exposed tissue, changes in content and distribution of body fluid , fixation of tissue, and shrinkage (especially of the ...
- Formation
- Ecology
- History
- Impact on Environment, Economy, and Public Health
- Solutions
- Institutional Bodies
- Vozrozhdeniya Island
- Oil and Gas Exploration
- Films
The Amu Darya river flowed into the Caspian Sea via the Uzboy Channel until the Holocene. Geographer Nick Middletonbelieves it did not begin to flow into the Aral Sea until that time.
Native fish
Despite its former vast size, the Aral Sea had relatively low indigenous biodiversity. However, the Aral Sea basin had an exceptional array of endemic fish subspecies (as well as the three endemic sturgeon species). Most of these still survive in the North Aral Sea, but some, such as the sturgeons, have been greatly reduced or even driven to extirpation by the lake's shrinkage. Native fish species of the lake included ship sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris), all three Pseudoscaphirhynchus sturg...
Introduced fish
Other salt-tolerant fish species were intentionally or inadvertently introduced during the 1960s when hydropower and irrigation projects reduced the flow of fresh water thereby increasing salinity. These include the Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras), big-scale sand smelt (Atherina boyeri caspia), black-striped pipefish (Syngnatus abaster caspius), Caucasian dwarf goby (Knipowitschia caucasica), monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis), round goby (N. melanostomus), Syrman goby (N. syrman),...
Invertebrates
Prior to its shrinkage, the Aral Sea had about 250 species of native aquatic invertebrates, the majority (about 80%) being freshwater species; the rest were marine invertebrates with ties to the Ponto-Caspian and Mediterranean-Atlantic fauna. The dominant species (excluding protozoa) were rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods. Advanced crustaceans (Malacostraca) were represented by a single amphipod species, Dikerogammarus aralensis, an endemic of the Syr Darya basin. There were several native...
Climate shifts have driven multiple phases of sea-level rise and fall. Inflow rates from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya are affected by glacial melt rates at the rivers' headwaters as well as precipitation within the river basins; cold, dry climates restrict both processes. Geologically driven shifts in the course of the Amu Darya between the Aral Sea...
The Aral Sea is considered an example of ecosystem collapse. The ecosystems of the Aral Sea and the river deltas feeding into it have been nearly destroyed, largely because of the salinity being dramatically higher than ocean water. The receding sea has left huge plains covered with salt and toxic chemicals from weapons testing, industrial projects...
Proposed environmental solutions
Many different solutions to the problems have been suggested over the years, varying in feasibility and cost, including: 1. Improving the quality of irrigationcanals 2. Using alternative cottonspecies that require less water 3. Promoting non-agricultural economic development in upstream countries 4. Using fewer chemicals on the cotton 5. Cultivating crops other than cotton 6. Redirecting water from the Volga, Ob and Irtyshrivers to restore the Aral Sea to its former size in 20–30 years at a c...
Aral Sea Basin Programme - 1
The future of the Aral Sea and the responsibility for its survival are now in the hands of the five countries: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. In 1994, they adopted the Aral Sea Basin Programme.The Programme's four objectives are: 1. To stabilize the environment of the Aral Sea Basin 2. To rehabilitate the disaster area around the sea 3. To improve the management of the international waters of the Aral Sea Basin 4. To build the capacity of institutions at the...
Aral Sea Basin Programme – 2
On 6 October 2002, the Heads of States met again to revise the ASBP program. ASBP-2 was in place from 2003 to 2010. The main purpose of the ASBP-2 was to set up projects that covered a vast amount of environmental, socioeconomic and water management issues. The ASBP-2 was financed by organization such as the UNDP, World Bank, USAID, Asian Development Bank, and the governments of Switzerland, Japan, Finland, Norway and others. Over 2 billion US Dollars was provided by the IFAS country members...
The Interstate Commission for Water Coordination of Central Asia (ICWC) was formed on 18 February 1992 to formally unite Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in the hopes of solving environmental, as well as socioeconomic problems in the Aral Sea region. The River Basin Organizations (the BVOs) of the Syr Darya and Amu Da...
Vozrozhdeniya (Russian for rebirth) Island is a former island of the Aral Sea or South Aral Sea. Due to the ongoing shrinkage of the Aral, it became first a peninsula in mid-2001 and finally part of the mainland. Other islands like Kokaral and Barsa-Kelmes shared a similar fate. Since the disappearance of the Southeast Aral in 2008, Vozrozhdeniya I...
Ergash Shaismatov, the deputy prime minister of Uzbekistan, announced on 30 August 2006, that the Uzbek government and an international consortium consisting of state-run Uzbekneftegaz, LUKoil Overseas, Petronas, Korea National Oil Corporation, and China National Petroleum Corporationsigned a production-sharing agreement to explore and develop oil ...
The plight of the Aral coast was portrayed in the 1989 film Stray Dogs by Soviet director Dmitri Svetozarov. The film was shot on location in an actual ghost townlocated near the Aral Sea, showing scenes of abandoned buildings and scattered vessels. In 2000, the MirrorMundo foundation produced a documentary film called Delta Bluesabout the problems...
13 hours ago · Romance; Latin/Neo-Latin: Geographic distribution: Originated in Old Latium on the Apennine Peninsula, now also spoken in Latin Europe (parts of Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, and Western Europe) and Latin America (a majority of the countries of Central America and South America), as well as parts of Africa (Latin Africa), Asia, and Oceania.
13 hours ago · Paul Gauguin. Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin ( UK: / ˈɡoʊɡæ̃ /, US: / ɡoʊˈɡæ̃ /, French: [øʒɛn ɑ̃ʁi pɔl ɡoɡɛ̃]; 7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist, and writer, whose work has been primarily associated with the Post-Impressionist and Symbolist movements. He was also an influential ...
13 hours ago · Mohamed Reza on the nonrenewability of oil. Recorded 1971. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi [a] (26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), commonly referred to in the Western world as Mohammad Reza Shah, [b] or just simply The Shah, was the last monarch of Iran. He began ruling the Imperial State of Iran after succeeding his father Reza Shah in 1941 and remained ...
13 hours ago · Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea (and Cyprus) to the south; and the Aegean Sea, Greece, and Bulgaria to the west.
