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1 day ago · SPARC. SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture) is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture originally developed by Sun Microsystems. [1][2] Its design was strongly influenced by the experimental Berkeley RISC system developed in the early 1980s. First developed in 1986 and released in 1987, [3][2] SPARC was one of ...
1 day ago · Quantum computing. Quantum System One, a quantum computer by IBM from 2019 with 20 superconducting qubits [1] A quantum computer is a computer that exploits quantum mechanical phenomena. On small scales, physical matter exhibits properties of both particles and waves, and quantum computing leverages this behavior using specialized hardware.
- Mathematical Description
- Wave in Elastic Medium
- Special Waves
- Physical Properties
- Mechanical Waves
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Quantum Mechanical Waves
- Gravity Waves
- Gravitational Waves
- External Links
Single waves
A wave can be described just like a field, namely as a function F ( x , t ) {\displaystyle F(x,t)} where x {\displaystyle x} is a position and t {\displaystyle t} is a time. The value of x {\displaystyle x} is a point of space, specifically in the region where the wave is defined. In mathematical terms, it is usually a vector in the Cartesian three-dimensional space R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} . However, in many cases one can ignore one dimension, and let x {\displaystyle x} be a poi...
Superposition
Waves of the same type are often superposed and encountered simultaneously at a given point in space and time. The properties at that point are the sum of the properties of each component wave at that point. In general, the velocities are not the same, so the wave form will change over time and space.
Wave families
Sometimes one is interested in a single specific wave. More often, however, one needs to understand large set of possible waves; like all the ways that a drum skin can vibrate after being struck once with a drum stick, or all the possible radar echos one could get from an airplane that may be approaching an airport. In some of those situations, one may describe such a family of waves by a function F ( A , B , … ; x , t ) {\displaystyle F(A,B,\ldots ;x,t)} that depends on certain parameters A...
Consider a traveling transverse wave (which may be a pulse) on a string (the medium). Consider the string to have a single spatial dimension. Consider this wave as traveling 1. in the x {\displaystyle x} direction in space. For example, let the positive x {\displaystyle x} direction be to the right, and the negative x {\displaystyle x} direction be...
Plane waves
A plane wave is a kind of wave whose value varies only in one spatial direction. That is, its value is constant on a plane that is perpendicular to that direction. Plane waves can be specified by a vector of unit length n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} indicating the direction that the wave varies in, and a wave profile describing how the wave varies as a function of the displacement along that direction (n ^ ⋅ x → {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}\cdot {\vec {x}}} ) and time (t {\displaystyle t} ). Si...
Standing waves
A standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a wave whose envelope remains in a constant position. This phenomenon arises as a result of interferencebetween two waves traveling in opposite directions. The sum of two counter-propagating waves (of equal amplitude and frequency) creates a standing wave. Standing waves commonly arise when a boundary blocks further propagation of the wave, thus causing wave reflection, and therefore introducing a counter-propagating wave. For example, when...
Solitary waves
A soliton or solitary wave is a self-reinforcing wave packet that maintains its shape while it propagates at a constant velocity. Solitons are caused by a cancellation of nonlinear and dispersive effects in the medium. (Dispersive effects are a property of certain systems where the speed of a wave depends on its frequency.) Solitons are the solutions of a widespread class of weakly nonlinear dispersive partial differential equationsdescribing physical systems.
Propagation
Wave propagation is any of the ways in which waves travel. Single wave propagation can be calculated by second-order wave equation (standing wavefield) or first-order one-way wave equation. With respect to the direction of the oscillation relative to the propagation direction, we can distinguish between longitudinal wave and transverse waves. Electromagnetic waves propagate in vacuum as well as in material media. Propagation of other wave types such as sound may occur only in a transmission m...
Wave velocity
Wave velocity is a general concept, of various kinds of wave velocities, for a wave's phase and speed concerning energy (and information) propagation. The phase velocityis given as: 1. vp is the phase velocity (in meters per second, m/s), 2. ω is the angular frequency (in radiansper second, rad/s), 3. k is the wavenumber(in radians per meter, rad/m). The phase speed gives you the speed at which a point of constant phase of the wave will travel for a discrete frequency. The angular frequency ω...
Transmission and media
Waves normally move in a straight line (that is, rectilinearly) through a transmission medium. Such media can be classified into one or more of the following categories: 1. A bounded medium if it is finite in extent, otherwise an unbounded medium 2. A linear mediumif the amplitudes of different waves at any particular point in the medium can be added 3. A uniform medium or homogeneous mediumif its physical properties are unchanged at different locations in space 4. An anisotropic mediumif one...
A mechanical wave is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium. While waves can move over long distances, the movement of the medium of transmission—the material—is limited. Therefore, the oscillating material does not move far from its initial position. Mechanical waves can be produced only in media which possess el...
An electromagnetic wave consists of two waves that are oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields. An electromagnetic wave travels in a direction that is at right angles to the oscillation direction of both fields. In the 19th century, James Clerk Maxwell showed that, in vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields satisfy the wave equation both ...
Schrödinger equation
The Schrödinger equation describes the wave-like behavior of particles in quantum mechanics. Solutions of this equation are wave functionswhich can be used to describe the probability density of a particle.
Dirac equation
The Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation detailing electromagnetic interactions. Dirac waves accounted for the fine details of the hydrogen spectrum in a completely rigorous way. The wave equation also implied the existence of a new form of matter, antimatter, previously unsuspected and unobserved and which was experimentally confirmed. In the context of quantum field theory, the Dirac equation is reinterpreted to describe quantum fields corresponding to spin-1⁄2particles.
de Broglie waves
Louis de Broglie postulated that all particles with momentumhave a wavelength 1. λ = h p , {\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {h}{p}},} where h is Planck's constant, and p is the magnitude of the momentum of the particle. This hypothesis was at the basis of quantum mechanics. Nowadays, this wavelength is called the de Broglie wavelength. For example, the electrons in a CRT display have a de Broglie wavelength of about 10−13m. A wave representing such a particle traveling in the k-direction is exp...
Gravity waves are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two media when the force of gravity or buoyancy works to restore equilibrium. Surface waves on water are the most familiar example.
Gravitational waves also travel through space. The first observation of gravitational waves was announced on 11 February 2016.Gravitational waves are disturbances in the curvature of spacetime, predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity.
1 day ago · Tiger. The tiger (Panthera tigris) is a member of the genus Panthera and the largest living cat species native to Asia. It has a powerful, muscular body with a large head and paws, a long tail and orange fur with black, mostly vertical stripes. It is traditionally classified into nine recent subspecies, though some recognise only two subspecies ...
1 day ago · Vietnamese (tiếng Việt) is a Vietic language in the Austroasiatic language family, spoken primarily in Vietnam where it is the national and official language. Vietnamese is spoken natively by around 85 million people, [1] several times as many as the rest of the Austroasiatic family combined. [5]
