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23 hours ago · Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. Amongst its central questions are the difference between science and non-science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose and meaning of science as a human endeavour. Philosophy of science focuses on metaphysical, epistemic and semantic aspects of ...
23 hours ago · List of cognitive biases. Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment. They are often studied in psychology, sociology and behavioral economics. [1] Although the reality of most of these biases is confirmed by reproducible research, [2] [3] there are often controversies about how to classify ...
23 hours ago · e. Eugenics ( / juːˈdʒɛnɪks / yoo-JEN-iks; from Ancient Greek εύ̃ (eû) 'good, well', and -γενής (genḗs) 'come into being, growing') [1] is a set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population. [2] [3] [4] Historically, eugenicists have attempted to alter human gene pools by excluding ...
23 hours ago · Introduction. A stochastic or random process can be defined as a collection of random variables that is indexed by some mathematical set, meaning that each random variable of the stochastic process is uniquely associated with an element in the set. [4] [5] The set used to index the random variables is called the index set.
23 hours ago · In information theory, the entropy of a random variable is the average level of "information", "surprise", or "uncertainty" inherent to the variable's possible outcomes. Given a discrete random variable , which takes values in the alphabet and is distributed according to , the entropy is. where denotes the sum over the variable's possible values.
23 hours ago · Probability theory. In probability theory and statistics, a normal distribution or Gaussian distribution is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable. The general form of its probability density function is. The parameter is the mean or expectation of the distribution (and also its median and mode ), while ...
23 hours ago · For example, for Newton's method as applied to a function f to oscillate between 0 and 1, it is only necessary that the tangent line to f at 0 intersects the x-axis at 1 and that the tangent line to f at 1 intersects the x-axis at 0. This is the case, for example, if f(x) = x 3 − 2x + 2.
