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14 hours ago · Social media. Social media are interactive technologies that facilitate the creation, sharing and aggregation of content, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks. [1] [2] Although not unchallenged, [3] [4] common features include: [2] Online platforms that enable users to create and share content ...
14 hours ago · The book produced a wide range of religious responses at a time of changing ideas and increasing secularisation. The issues raised were complex and there was a large middle ground. Developments in geology meant that there was little opposition based on a literal reading of Genesis , [241] but defence of the argument from design and natural ...
- Charles Darwin
- 1859
- Overview
- History
- Syntax
- "Hello, World" Example
- Data Types
- Memory Management
- Libraries
- Language Tools
- Uses
- Related Languages
Like most procedural languages in the ALGOL tradition, C has facilities for structured programming and allows lexical variable scope and recursion. Its static type system prevents unintended operations. In C, all executable code is contained within subroutines (also called "functions", though not strictly in the sense of functional programming). Fu...
Early developments
The origin of C is closely tied to the development of the Unix operating system, originally implemented in assembly language on a PDP-7 by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, incorporating several ideas from colleagues. Eventually, they decided to port the operating system to a PDP-11. The original PDP-11 version of Unix was also developed in assembly language. Thompson desired a programming language to make utilities for the new platform. At first, he tried to make a Fortran compiler, but soon...
K&R C
In 1978, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie published the first edition of The C Programming Language. This book, known to C programmers as K&R, served for many years as an informal specification of the language. The version of C that it describes is commonly referred to as "K&R C". As this was released in 1978, it is also referred to as C78. The second edition of the book covers the later ANSI Cstandard, described below. K&Rintroduced several language features: 1. Standard I/O library 2. lon...
ANSI C and ISO C
During the late 1970s and 1980s, versions of C were implemented for a wide variety of mainframe computers, minicomputers, and microcomputers, including the IBM PC, as its popularity began to increase significantly. In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) formed a committee, X3J11, to establish a standard specification of C. X3J11 based the C standard on the Unix implementation; however, the non-portable portion of the Unix C library was handed off to the IEEE working group 1...
C has a formal grammar specified by the C standard. Line endings are generally not significant in C; however, line boundaries do have significance during the preprocessing phase. Comments may appear either between the delimiters /* and */, or (since C99) following // until the end of the line. Comments delimited by /* and */ do not nest, and these ...
The "hello, world" example, which appeared in the first edition of K&R, has become the model for an introductory program in most programming textbooks. The program prints "hello, world" to the standard output, which is usually a terminal or screen display. The original version was: A standard-conforming "hello, world" program is:[a] The first line ...
The type system in C is static and weakly typed, which makes it similar to the type system of ALGOL descendants such as Pascal. There are built-in types for integers of various sizes, both signed and unsigned, floating-point numbers, and enumerated types (enum). Integer type char is often used for single-byte characters. C99 added a boolean datatyp...
One of the most important functions of a programming language is to provide facilities for managing memoryand the objects that are stored in memory. C provides three distinct ways to allocate memory for objects: 1. Static memory allocation: space for the object is provided in the binary at compile-time; these objects have an extent(or lifetime) as ...
The C programming language uses libraries as its primary method of extension. In C, a library is a set of functions contained within a single "archive" file. Each library typically has a header file, which contains the prototypes of the functions contained within the library that may be used by a program, and declarations of special data types and ...
A number of tools have been developed to help C programmers find and fix statements with undefined behavior or possibly erroneous expressions, with greater rigor than that provided by the compiler. The tool lintwas the first such, leading to many others. Automated source code checking and auditing are beneficial in any language, and for C many such...
C is widely used for systems programming in implementing operating systems and embedded system applications, because C code, when written for portability, can be used for most purposes, yet when needed, system-specific code can be used to access specific hardware addresses and to perform type punning to match externally imposed interface requiremen...
C has both directly and indirectly influenced many later languages such as C#, D, Go, Java, JavaScript, Limbo, LPC, Perl, PHP, Python, and Unix's C shell. The most pervasive influence has been syntactical; all of the languages mentioned combine the statement and (more or less recognizably) expression syntax of Cwith type systems, data models, and/o...
14 hours ago · The global African diaspora is the worldwide collection of communities descended from people from Africa, predominantly in the Americas. [39] The African populations in the Americas are descended from haplogroup L genetic groups of native Africans. [40] [41] The term most commonly refers to the descendants of the native West and Central ...
14 hours ago · t. e. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan KCSI, FRAS (17 October 1817 – 27 March 1898), also spelled Sayyid Ahmad Khan, was an Indian Muslim reformer, [1] [2] [3] philosopher, and educationist [4] in nineteenth-century British India. [5] [6] Though initially espousing Hindu–Muslim unity, he later became the pioneer of Muslim nationalism in India and is ...
14 hours ago · Life Before Dianetics Main article: Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1911 to 1950 See also: Scientology and psychiatry § Hubbard's early encounters with psychiatry Lafayette Ronald Hubbard was born on March 13, 1911, the only child of Ledora May Waterbury (1885–1959), who had trained as a teacher, and Harry Ross Hubbard (1886–1975), a low-ranking United States Navy officer. Like many military ...
14 hours ago · The Conservative and Unionist Party, commonly the Conservative Party and colloquially known as the Tories, [18] is one of the two main political parties in the United Kingdom, along with the Labour Party. It is the current governing party, having won the 2019 general election, and has been the primary governing party in the United Kingdom since ...
