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Penelope Brown (born 1944 in Summit, NJ) is an American anthropological linguist who has studied a number of aspects of cross-linguistic, sociolinguistic, and cross-cultural studies of language and cognition.
- Positive and Negative Face
- Face-Threatening Acts
- Politeness Strategies
- Choice of Strategy
- Application Examples
- Critiques
- See Also
- Further Reading
The concept of face was derived from Chinese into English in the 19th century. “Face” conceptualized as an individual's positive claim of social values in socializing contact was introduced into academia by Erving Goffman through his theories of "face" and "facework". According to Brown and Levinson's assumption in politeness theory based on Goffma...
According to Brown and Levinson, positive and negative face exist universally in human culture; it has been argued that the notion of face is the actual universal component to their proposed politeness theory. A face threatening act is an act that inherently damages the face of the addressee or the speaker by acting in opposition to the wants and d...
Politeness strategies are used to formulate messages in order to save the hearer's positive and negative face when face-threatening acts are inevitable or desired. Brown and Levinson outline four main types of politeness strategies: bald on-record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and off-record (indirect) as well as simply not using the f...
Paul Grice argues that all conversationalists are rational beings who are primarily interested in the efficient conveying of messages.Brown and Levinson use this argument in their politeness theory by saying that rational agents will choose the same politeness strategy as any other would under the same circumstances to try to mitigate face. They sh...
Although the politeness theory originated from the curiosity of linguistics and language forming, scholars are beginning to see its other benefits: its ability to not only help with interpersonal relationships, workplace environments, and beyond.
Brown and Levinson's politeness theory is very applicable not only in the area of study within the communication field but also helpful in guiding individuals in ways to improve their speech and actionsTwo qualities in particular stand out: 1. Good HeuristicValue: This theory has motivated scholars to implement more research into grasping these ide...
Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [First published 1978 as part of Esther N. Goody (ed.): Question...Cameron, Deborah. 2001. Working with Spoken Discourse. Sage ProductionsCoulmas, Florian. 1998. The handbook of sociolinguistics. Wiley-Blackwell.Dunn, C. D. (2011). "Formal forms or verbal strategies? politeness theory and Japanese business etiquette training". Journal of Pragmatics. 43 (15): 3643–3654. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2011.06.003.Jan 10, 2023 · Penelope Brown (born 1944 in Summit, NJ) is an American anthropological linguist who has studied a number of aspects of cross-linguistic, sociolinguistic, and cross-cultural studies of language and cognition.
May 23, 2024 · Politeness theory is based on the concept that people have a social self-image that they consciously project and try to protect. This sense of self-image is referred to as “face.” The theory was developed in 1978 by researchers Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson.
6 days ago · Discover Politeness, 1st Edition, Penelope Brown on Higher Education from Cambridge.
- Penelope Brown, Stephen C. Levinson
- 1987
Underneath the apparent diversity of polite behaviour in different societies lie some general pan-human principles of social interaction, and the model of politeness provides a tool for analysing the quality of social relations in any society.
Official Website of Author, Penelope Brown. Just Released! #1 New Release in Children’s Computer & Robotics Books. Buy Now.
