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Mar 22, 2024 · Majestic figures of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln, surrounded by the beauty of the Black Hills of South Dakota, tell the story of the birth, growth, development and preservation of this country. From the history of the first inhabitants to the diversity of America today, Mount Rushmore brings visitors face to face with the rich heritage we all share.
The Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a national memorial centered on a colossal sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore ( Lakota: Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe, or Six Grandfathers) in the Black Hills near Keystone, South Dakota, United States. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum designed the sculpture, called Shrine of Democracy, [2] and ...
- 1,278 acres (5.17 km²)
- Pennington County, South Dakota
- 2,440,449 (in 2022)
- Keystone, South Dakota
- Overview
- Creation of the sculpture
- The contemporary memorial
Mount Rushmore National Memorial, colossal sculpture in the Black Hills of southwestern South Dakota, U.S. It lies about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Rapid City, 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Custer, and just north of Custer State Park. Huge representations of the heads of Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abr...
The idea of creating a monumental sculpture in the Black Hills was first suggested in 1923 by South Dakota state historian Doane Robinson, who had envisioned creating likenesses of famous Native American and American Old West personalities on a needlelike rock formation in Custer State Park. However, American sculptor Gutzon Borglum, who was hired to design and execute the project, rejected that site because the rock there was too eroded and unstable and instead chose nearby Mount Rushmore with its solid granite rock face. Borglum also proposed that the four heads in the sculpture symbolize the first 150 years of the United States: Washington to represent the country’s founding; Jefferson, its expansion across the continent; Roosevelt, its development domestically and as a global power; and Lincoln, its preservation through the ordeal of civil war.
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Work on the memorial began in October 1927, shortly after its dedication by Pres. Calvin Coolidge, and continued, off and on, for the next 14 years. Progress was hampered by periodic funding shortfalls, design issues (the likeness of Jefferson, originally on Washington’s right side, had to be redone on the other side), and the death of Borglum in March 1941, several months before the sculpture was finished. Borglum’s son, Lincoln, took over the final work on the project, which was completed in October 1941. In all, the work consisted of six and a half years of actual carving by hundreds of workers, who used dynamite, jackhammers, chisels, and drills to shape the massive stone sculpture assemblage. Borglum’s technique involved blasting away much of the rock with explosives, drilling a large number of closely spaced holes, and then chipping the remaining rock away until the surface was smooth. Much of the 450,000 tons of rock removed in the process was left in a heap at the base of the memorial. The federal government paid most of the nearly $1 million cost, with much of the remainder coming from private donations. Washington’s head was dedicated in 1930, Jefferson’s in 1936, Lincoln’s in 1937, and Roosevelt’s in 1939.
The Mount Rushmore sculpture ensemble quickly became one of the United States’ great iconic images. The memorial is now among the most heavily visited NPS properties and is one of the top tourist attractions in the country. Over the years, components of the site’s infrastructure, such as accessibility and visitor facilities and services, have been improved and expanded to accommodate the two million or more people who go there annually. Among these is the Avenue of Flags (opened 1976), a walkway leading toward the mountain that is flanked on both sides by flags of the country’s 56 states and territories. Another major renovation, completed in 1998, added the Grand View Terrace and its amphitheatre, affording vistas of the monument at the north (mountainside) end of the Avenue of Flags; the Presidential Trail, which provides the closest views of the sculpture; and the Lincoln Borglum Museum, which has exhibits on the memorial’s history. The Sculptor’s Studio (1939) displays tools used in the carving and the scale model used to create the sculpture.
Mount Rushmore lies within Black Hills National Forest. Ponderosa pines are the predominant tree cover in the region, with groves of aspens where the pines have been disturbed by such phenomena as forest fires or infestation by pine bark beetles. A variety of grasses and wildflowers grow in more open areas. Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) and mule deer are the most common large mammals found around Mount Rushmore, and bison, elk, and pumas (mountain lions) live in the vicinity as well. The memorial also is home to squirrels, chipmunks, wood rats, and other small mammals and to a variety of birds, such as nuthatches, pine siskins, and western tanagers. In addition to Custer State Park, other nearby attractions include Wind Cave National Park (south) and Crazy Horse Memorial and Jewel Cave National Monument (both southwest). Mount Rushmore is easily accessible by road. There are dining facilities and a visitor’s centre at the memorial but no overnight accommodations.
Dec 16, 2009 · Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images. Carved into the southeastern face of Mount Rushmore in South Dakota’s Black Hills National Forest are four gigantic sculptures depicting the faces of U.S ...
Jan 24, 2023 · Just over two million people visit Mount Rushmore each year. The busiest months are June, July and August. May, September and October are less busy and popular months to visit as well. Want to avoid the crowds? Consider visiting before 9:00 a.m. or after 3:30 p.m. Use the links below to plan your visit to Mount Rushmore and the surrounding ...
- 13000 Highway 244 Building 31, Suite 1, Keystone, 57751, SD
Mar 15, 2024 · 2. The Controversy Behind Mount Rushmore. The Black Hills of South Dakota are sacred to the Lakota Sioux, the people who lived on this land before white settlers arrived. In 1868, the US government promised the Sioux that they could remain on the land, including the Black Hills of South Dakota.
There is more than gold in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Above dense forests and pristine streams, the Mount Rushmore National Memorial represents a national treasure. Symbolizing the ideals of freedom and democracy, it is a tribute to four presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln and their ...
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