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Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener ( / ˈkɪtʃɪnər /; 24 June 1850 – 5 June 1916) was a British Army officer and colonial administrator. Kitchener came to prominence for his imperial campaigns, his involvement in the Second Boer War, [1] [2] and his central role in the early part of the First World War .
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Apr 25, 2024 · Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener (born June 24, 1850, near Listowel, County Kerry, Ireland—died June 5, 1916, at sea off Orkney Islands) was a British field marshal, imperial administrator, conqueror of the Sudan, commander in chief during the South African War, and (perhaps his most important role) secretary of state for war at the beginning of World War I (1914–18).
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
H. H. Kitchener, later Earl Kitchener (of Khartoum and of Broome), (born June 24, 1850, near Listowel, Co. Kerry, Ire.—died June 5, 1916, at sea off Orkney Islands), British field marshal and imperial administrator. Trained as a military engineer, Kitchener served in posts in the Middle East and Sudan before being appointed commander in chief ...
Horatio Herbert Kitchener, British field marshal, imperial administrator, commander in chief during the South African War, and secretary of state for war at the beginning of World War I. At that time he organized armies on a scale unprecedented in British history and became a symbol of the national will to victory.
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- Survey of Western Palestine
- Egypt, Sudan, and Khartoum
- The Boer War
- India and Egypt
- World War I
- Death
- Debate on Kitchener's Sexuality
- Conspiracy Theories
- Legacy
- References
In 1874, at age 24, Kitchener was assigned by the Palestine Exploration Fund to a mapping-survey of the Holy Land, replacing Charles Tyrwhitt-Drake, who had died of malaria (Silberman 1982). Kitchener, then an officer in the Royal Engineers, joined fellow Royal Engineer Claude R. Conder and between 1874 and 1877, they surveyed what is today Israel,...
He won national fame on his second tour in the Sudan (1886–1899), being made Aide de Camp to Queen Victoria and collecting a Knighthood of the Bath. After becoming Sirdar of the Egyptian Army he headed the victorious Anglo-Egyptian army at the Battle of Omdurman on September 2, 1898, a victory made possible by the massive rail construction program ...
During the Second Boer War (1899–1902), Kitchener arrived with Lord Roberts and the massive British reinforcements of December 1899. Kitchener was made overall commander in November 1900 following Roberts' removal due to illness. Following the defeat of the conventional Boer forces, and the failure of a reconciliatory peace treaty in February 1901 ...
Following this, Kitchener was made Commander-in-Chief in India (1902–1909), where he reconstructed the greatly disorganised Indian army, against the wishes of the bellicose viceroy Lord Curzon of Kedleston, who became a passionate and lifelong enemy. Kitchener was promoted to the highest Army rank, field marshal, in 1910; however, largely due to a ...
At the outset of World War I, the Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith, quickly had Lord Kitchener appointed Secretary of State for War. Against cabinet opinion, Kitchener correctly predicted a long war that would last at least three years, require huge new armies to defeat Germany, and suffer huge casualties before the end would come. Smelling blood in t...
At Scapa Flow, Lord Kitchener embarked aboard the armored cruiser HMS Hampshire for his diplomatic mission to Russia. On 5 June 1916, while en route to the Russian port of Arkhangelsk, Hampshirestruck a mine laid by the newly-launched German U-boat U-75 (commanded by Kurt Beitzen) during a Force 9 gale and sank west of the Orkney Islands. Kitchener...
Some biographers have suggested that Kitchener was a latent or active homosexual, though this is heavily disputed. Writers that make the case for his homosexuality include Montgomery Hyde and Richardson. Biographers who make the case against include Cassar, Pollock, and Warner. Magnus and Royle hint at homosexuality, though Magnus is said to have l...
The suddenness of Kitchener's death, combined with his great fame and the fact that his body was never recovered, almost immediately gave rise to conspiracy theories that have continued almost to this day. The fact that newly-appointed Minister of Munitions (and future prime minister) David Lloyd Georgewas supposed to accompany Kitchener on the fat...
Kitchener's name is allmost synominous with Britain's effort in World War I. His leadership played a significant role in the Allied victory over Germany and the Ottoman Empire. He may properly be considered one of the greatest British generals. On the one hand, he was brutal as a soldier, pursuing his scorched-earth policy while on the other hand h...
Ballard, Brigadier General Colin Robert. Kitchener.London: Faber and Faber, 1930.Cassar, George. Kitchener: Architect of Victory. London: Kimber, 1977. ISBN 9780718303358.Conder, C.R., and H. H. Kitchener. Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of Topography, Orography, Hydrography and Archaeology.London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1881.Hodson, Yolande. "Kitchener, Horatio Herbert," in Eric M. Meyers (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-511217-2.Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, was an Irish-born British Field Marshal, diplomat and statesman who served as a colonial administrator during his early career and later played a significant role in the early parts of the First World War. He first gained recognition after avenging the murder of Charles George Gordon at the Battle of ...
May 18, 2018 · Learn about the life and achievements of Kitchener, a British soldier and imperial statesman who served in Egypt, South Africa, India, and World War I. Find out how he became a symbol of British recruitment and a target of German sabotage.
