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In the English language, Romani people have long been known by the exonym Gypsies or Gipsies, [83] which most Roma consider a racial slur. [84] [85] The attendees of the first World Romani Congress in 1971 unanimously voted to reject the use of all exonyms for the Romani, including "Gypsy".
Aug 12, 2015 · Learn about the history of the Gypsies, or Romani, who originated in India and migrated across Europe and America for centuries. Discover how they adapted to different cultures and languages, and faced persecution and discrimination.
- Names & Identity
- Romani Language
- Origins in India
- Early Migrations in The Middle East
- Arrival in Europe
- Entry Into Western Europe
- Persecution in Europe
- In The Americas & Australia
- Historiography & Romani Studies
For most of history, there was no universal name for the Romani in their own language; different groups of Romani speakers and their descendants used different names for themselves and each other. The closest thing to an endonym in the Romani language is the word Rom/Romni, meaning a man or woman. In the present day, 'Romani' and 'Roma' are the mos...
The defining feature across Romani communities is the use of Romani, an Indic language with close ties to languages like Sanskrit. It has changed considerably over time due to the wide geographic diaspora of its speakers and because it was transmitted almost exclusively orally until the modern period. Its grammar and vocabulary changed due to conta...
Linguistic studies have revealed that the Proto-Romani language developed in India in the early Middle Ages. The evolution of Proto-Romani through contact with other languages has allowed historians to reconstruct the movements of Romani speakers before historical accounts mention them in any detail. The exact time of their migration is unknown. Mo...
The ancestors of the Romani soon arrived in West Asia, where some groups split off in separate directions before rejoining each other later on. Some of their communities were fully or partially nomadic, while others lived in permanent settlements. This flexibility allowed them to easily adapt to Central Asia and the Middle East, which was already h...
In the 11th century, widespread conflict in the Mediterranean spurred some Romani to migrate from Armenia into Greece, where they were first recorded by Byzantine chroniclers. From there, they spread into Southern and Eastern Europe, and established communities throughout Byzantine Greece and the Venetian Empire. As some Romani moved further northw...
The first accounts of Romani in Western Europe describe groups of Gypsies who arrived in the 14th century under the direction of leaders identified as counts or dukes. These groups were much more organized than previous migrations and were typically small, numbering between 40 and 200 people. These parties identified themselves as pilgrims to ensur...
Romani in medieval and early modern Europe were often subject to racism and persecution. Despite the Romani in medieval Western Europe being uniformly Christian, they were frequently described as heathens in contemporary accounts. Like many other minority groups in medieval Europe, they were treated as outsiders and falsely accused of acting as spi...
Romani were first brought to the Americas and Australia through colonialism. During the European colonization of the Americas, Romani prisoners, slaves, and indentured servants arrived in North and South America. Beginning in 1538, Romani prisoners in Portugal were deported to the colonies of the Portuguese Empire and subjected to forced labor. The...
During the Enlightenment, prejudice towards Romani became somewhat lessened, and European scholars became curious about the previously disregarded historical and linguistic heritage of the Romani. The first systematic attempts to study the Romani language were made in the 18th century, and the first collections of Romani folklore were published in ...
- Arienne King
The Gypsy Cob is the most popular breed to pull vardo wagons. Relations with other people An 1852 Wallachian poster advertising an auction of Romani slaves. There are still tensions between Roma and the majority population around them. Common complaints are that Roma steal and live off social welfare and residents often reject Romani ...
May 17, 2024 · Many Roma consider the name Gypsy to be pejorative. Others prefer their own ethnonym and object to being called Roma. Because of their migratory nature, their absence in official census returns, and their popular classification with other nomadic groups, estimates of the total world Roma population range from two million to five million.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Who are the Roma?The Roma are an ethnic group of traditionally itinerant people who originated in northern India and today live worldwide, principally in Europe. Mo...
- Where do the Roma live?The Roma people live principally in Europe, especially in the Slavic-speaking lands of the Balkans and central Europe. Many Roma live in Romania, B...
- What does the word Roma mean?The word Roma is the plural form of Rom. Many Roma refer to themselves as Rom, a generic name that means “man” or “husband.”
- Why are the Roma discriminated against?Because the Roma are a traditionally nomadic people, they have often been blamed for many evils by local populaces and majority groups and persecut...
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The migration of the Romani people through the Middle East and Northern Africa to Europe. The key shows the century of arrival in that area, e.g., S.XII is the 12th century. Romani people first arrived in Europe from north India, through Iran, Armenia, and Turkey.
Jan 7, 2021 · Colloquially, and rather insultingly, known as 'gypsies', the history and culture of the Romani people is surrounded by stereotypes and misnomers, none more damningly pervasive than Esméralda from the Hunchback of Notre Dame. Because of such images spread by mass media's misunderstandings of the Romani, it is often believed that the Romani ...
