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Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal is one of the prominent Islamic scholars and has been given title of Shaikh-ul-Islam (outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences). He was an Imam in Fiqh, Hadith, and many other Islamic Jurisprudence.
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Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (born 780, Baghdad, Abbasid caliphate [now in Iraq]—died 855, Baghdad) was a Muslim theologian, jurist, and martyr for his faith. He was the compiler of the Musnad, a collection of sayings and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad arranged by isnād, and the formulator of the Ḥanbalī school, the most strictly traditionalist of the four...
Ibn Ḥanbal belonged to the Arab tribe of Shaybān through both parents. He was still an infant when his father died at age 30. When Ibn Ḥanbal was 15, he began to study the traditions (Hadith) of the Prophet Muhammad. Seeking to learn from the great masters of his day, he traveled to the cities of Kūfah and Basra in Iraq; to Mecca, the Hejaz, and Medina in Arabia; and to Yemen and Syria. He made five pilgrimages to the holy city of Mecca, three times on foot. Ibn Ḥanbal led a life of asceticism and self-denial, winning many disciples. He had eight children, of whom two were well known and closely associated with his intellectual work: Ṣālih (died 880) and ʿAbd Allāh (died 903).
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The central fact of Ibn Ḥanbal’s life is the suffering to which he was subjected during the inquisition, known as the miḥnah, ordered by the caliph al-Maʾmūn. But for this great trial, and the unflagging courage he displayed in the face of his persecutors, Ibn Ḥanbal would most likely have been remembered solely for his work on Hadith. As it is, he is recognized to this day not only as an expert on Hadith but also as one of the most venerated fathers of Islam and as a staunch upholder of Muslim orthodoxy.
The inquisition was inaugurated in 833, when the caliph made obligatory upon all Muslims the belief that the Qurʾān was created—a doctrine of the Muʿtazilah, a rationalist Islamic school that claimed that reason was equal to revelation as a means to religious truth. The caliph had already made public profession of this belief in 827. Theretofore, the sacred book had been regarded as the uncreated, eternal word of God. The inquisition was conducted in Baghdad, seat of the Abbasid caliphate, as well as in the provinces. It lasted from 833 to 848, a period involving the reign of four caliphs, ending during the caliphate of al-Mutawakkil, who returned to the traditionalist view.
At the risk of his life, Ibn Ḥanbal refused to subscribe to the Muʿtazilī doctrine. He was put in chains, beaten, and imprisoned for about two years. After his release, he did not resume his lectures until the inquisition was publicly proclaimed at an end. Some orthodox theologians, to survive the ordeal, had recanted, and later claimed the privilege of dissimulation, taqiyyah, as a justification for their behaviour. This is a dispensation granted in the Qurʾān to those who wish to avail themselves of it when forced to profess a false faith while denying it in their hearts. Other theologians, following the example of Ibn Ḥanbal, refused to repudiate their beliefs.
The most important of Ibn Ḥanbal’s works is his collection of Hadith. This collection was heretofore believed to have been compiled by the author’s son (ʿAbd Allāh), but there is now evidence that the work was compiled and arranged by Ibn Ḥanbal himself. The Hadith was considered by Ibn Ḥanbal as a sound basis for argument in law and religion.
Historical scholarship regarding Ibn Ḥanbal and his school has suffered from a lack of sufficient documentation, among other things. There are, therefore, some opinions regarding Ibn Ḥanbal that bear closer scrutiny in the light of new documents and recent studies. Too much stress has been laid on the influence on him of the teachings of Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī, the founder of the Shāfiʿī school, whom Ibn Ḥanbal apparently met only once. He had a high respect for Shāfiʿī but also for the other great jurists who belonged to other schools of law, without, for that matter, relinquishing his own independent opinions. He was against codification of the law, maintaining that canonists had to be free to derive the solutions for questions of law from scriptural sources, namely the Quʾrān and the Sunnah (the body of Islamic custom and practice based on Muhammad’s words and deeds). It was to this end that he compiled his great Musnad, wherein he registered all the traditions considered in his day acceptable as bases for the solution of questions, along with the Quʾrān itself.
- George Makdisi
Ahmad ibn Hanbal (Arabic: أَحْمَد بْن حَنْبَل, romanized: Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal; November 780 – 2 August 855) was a Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, theologian, traditionist, ascetic and eponym of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence—one of the four major orthodox legal schools of Sunni Islam.
Apr 15, 2024 · A Short Biography of Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal (778-855AD) For almost two and a half years Imam Hanbal was in prison and tortured. During this tenure, Imam Hanbal was often brought to the Caliph’s palace in chains and he was asked to agree with the Mutazila creed but he remained steadfast.
Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal is remembered for many things. He was an Imam in Fiqh, Hadith, and many other sciences. In fact, his madh-hab is one of the four established madh-habs of Ahl as-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah.
The biography of Ibn Hanbal spread over at least 113 pages of Adh-Dhahabi's, Siyar A'lam an-Nubala. 'Abdullah ibn Ahmad, his son, said: "I heard Ar-Razi say: 'Your father memorised a million hadith, which I rehearsed with him according to the topic.'
Jan 21, 2017 · In his great book, Siyar A’lam an-Nubala, Imam Adh-Dhahabi described Ibn Hanbal as: “The true Shaykh of Islam and leader of the Muslims in his time, the master of hadith and proof of the religion.”.
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