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Jan 30, 2023 · The penetration power of an electron, in a multi-electron atom, is dependent on the values of both the shell and subshell. Within the same shell value (n), the penetrating power of an electron follows this trend in subshells (m l): s>p>d>f. And for different values of shell (n) and subshell (l), penetrating power of an electron follows this trend:
Apr 25, 2024 · In general, the greater mass present the greater the ionizing power and the lower the penetration power. Figure 10.6.1 10.6. 1: The ability of different types of radiation to pass through material is shown. From least to most penetrating, they are alpha < beta < neutron < gamma. (CC BY-SA 4.0; OpenStax).
The table below summarizes the main types of nuclear radiation, including charge, mass, symbol, and penetrating power. Penetrating power refers to the relative ability of the radiation to pass through common materials. Radiation with high penetrating power is potentially more dangerous because it can pass through skin and do cellular damage.
- 1 Medical Applications
- 2 Research Applications
- 3 Industrial Applications
- 4 Radioactive Dating
- Blem 2.10 Total Body dose.
- Blem 2.11: Initial and Residual activity.
- Blem 2.12: Time-Of-Flight Pet.
- Blem 2.13: Radioactive Dating.
- Blem 2.14: Radioactive Dating.
- Problems
Modern medicine benefits tremendously from the use of ionising radiations, both for diagnosis and therapy. Diagnosis ranges from routine and advanced use of X-rays (for radiographs, radioscopy radiographs and computed tomography (CT)) to injection of radioisotopes—known as radiopharmaceuticals—for gamma imaging (positron emission tomography (PET), ...
X-ray diffraction is used in the study of molecular tridimensional structures from mineral to biological macromolecules. It is the primary method for determining the molecular conformation of biological macromolecules, particularly proteins and nucleic acids such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). It is worth to recall that ...
Radioisotopes are widely used throughout industry. Often they are source of penetrating gamma rays used for examining metal structures in order to find otherwise imperceptible defects in metallic castings and welds and to highlight imperceptible possible flaws before they cause dangerous failures (for example, this technique is used in the periodic...
A radioactive nucleus has a half-life that is independent of the state of chemical combinations of the atom in which it resides. A collection of radioisotopes therefore forms an excellent clock. It is, thus, possible to establish dates which are of considerable interest in archaeology, history and geology. In archaeology the radiocarbon dating, or ...
A radiological technician works 3.5 h per day at a distance d = 5.0 m from a 60Co radioactive source, with 1.0 × 109 Bq activity. The source emits two γ-rays, with energy 1.33 and 1.17 MeV, in fast sequence. Calculate the dose absorbed by the technician per day, knowing that his/her mass is M = 80 kg and supposing his/her body has a front section a...
A laboratory has 1.49 μg of 13N7with half-life 600 s. Calculate the initial activity of the specimen and its residual activity after 1 h. Solution: One mole of the radioactive specimen (13 g) contains 6.02 × 1023 nuclei 13N7. Therefore, the number of nuclei 13N7initially present in the specimen is: Using Eq. (2.10) one has: Then, using Eq. (2.12), ...
Positron emission tomography measures the two annihilation photons that are produced back-to-back after positron emission from a radionuclide-tagged tracer molecule, which is chosen to mark a specific function in the body on a biochemistry level. The photons are measured by an annular array of suitable detectors placed around the body of the patien...
An antique wood relic contains only 6 % of 14C nuclei compared to a specimen of fresh wood. How old is the relic? Solution: Calling N 0 and N the number of nuclei 14C respectively present in the specimen of fresh wood and in the relic, and T the age of the relic, and using Eq. (2.9), we have: from which, by taking the logarithm of the first and sec...
A sedimentary rock, which includes fossils of prehistoric animals, contains nuclei strontium 87Sr38 and rubidium 87Rb37 in the atomic ratio 0.016. Calculate the age T of the fossils assuming the total absence of 87Sr38 at the time of formation of the rock (the half-life of Rb is 4.81 × 1010a). Solution: Calling N 0 the number of initial nuclei Rb, ...
2.1 Polonium-210 is an alpha emitter that decays directly to its stable daughter isotope, lead-206, with a half-life of 138.4 days. Evaluate the energy available for this α-decay, knowing that the...2.2 Calculate the amount of energy released in the alpha decay of 1 mol of plutonium-239 into uranium-235. (The masses of Pu-239, U-235 and the alpha particle are 239.0521634 u, 235.0439299 u, and...2.3 The kinetic energy of the α-particle from the decay of 226Ra (Z = 88, atomic mass 226.0254098 u) is 4.78 MeV and the recoil energy of the daughter nucleus, 222Rn (Z = 86), is 0.09 MeV. Calculat...2.4 Tritium (3H), the heaviest isotope of hydrogen, is radioactive and β− decays, with half-life of 12.3 years, into a helium isotope 3He. Calculate the maximum value of the energy of the electron...- Enzo De Sanctis, Stefano Monti, Marco Ripani
- 2016
- Alpha particle. If the nucleus has too few neutrons, it will emit a ‘package’ of two protons and two neutrons called an alpha particle. An alpha particle is also a Helium-4 nucleus, so it is written as \(_{2}^{4}\textrm{He}\) and is also sometimes written as \(_{2}^{4}\alpha\).
- Beta particle. If the nucleus has too many neutrons, a neutron will turn into a proton and emit a fast-moving electron Subatomic particle, with a negative charge and a negligible mass relative to protons and neutrons..
- Gamma ray. After emitting an alpha or beta particle, the nucleus will often still be too ‘hot’ and will lose energy in a similar way to how a hot gas cools down.
- Neutron emission. Occasionally it is possible for a neutron to be emitted by radioactive decay The process in which unstable atomic nuclei break apart or change, releasing radiation as they do so..
Other articles where penetration is discussed: electromagnetic radiation: Gamma rays: The great penetrating power of gamma rays stems from the fact that they have no electric charge and thus do not interact with matter as strongly as do charged particles. Because of their penetrating power gamma rays can be used for radiographing holes and defects in metal…
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