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  1. In 1860 Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered two alkali metals, cesium and rubidium, with the aid of the spectroscope they had invented the year before. These discoveries inaugurated a new era in the means used to find new elements.

  2. Gustav Kirchhoff (born March 12, 1824, Königsberg, Prussia [now Kaliningrad, Russia]—died October 17, 1887, Berlin, Germany) was a German physicist who, with the chemist Robert Bunsen, firmly established the theory of spectrum analysis (a technique for chemical analysis by analyzing the light emitted by a heated material), which Kirchhoff ...

    • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
  3. Kirchhoff (left) and Robert Bunsen, c. 1850. Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws, which are now ubiquitous in electrical engineering, in 1845, while he was still a student. He completed this study as a seminar exercise; it later became his doctoral dissertation.

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  5. Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (German:; 30 March 1811 – 16 August 1899) was a German chemist. He investigated emission spectra of heated elements, and discovered caesium (in 1860) and rubidium (in 1861) with the physicist Gustav Kirchhoff. The BunsenKirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after Bunsen and Kirchhoff.

  6. GUSTAV KIRCHHOFF AND ROBERT BUNSEN. Annalen der Physik und der Chemie (Poggendorff), Vol. 110 (1860), pp. 161-189 (dated Heidelberg, 1860) It is known that several substances have the property of producing certain bright lines when brought into the flame. A method of qualitative analysis can be based on these lines, whereby the field of ...

  7. Robert Bunsen was a German chemist who, with Gustav Kirchhoff, about 1859 observed that each element emits a light of characteristic wavelength. Such studies opened the field of spectrum analysis, which became of great importance in the study of the Sun and stars and also led Bunsen almost.

  8. In 1859, Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-1899) and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887) developed the modern version of this instrument called a flame spectroscope, which allowed them to precisely identify elements by their emission spectra - even new elements within mixtures and compounds.

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