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1. Top results related to logic programming in ai

   • Logic programming in python

     Top Answer

     Answered Apr 10, 2020 · 6 votes

     I tried to develop something that uses prolog's syntax, approach and backtracking in python to solve the issue. I wrote pytholog library. I am sharing the answers to get comments and if there are better ways to do it.

     In pytholog I initiate a knowledge base and I query it.

     import pytholog as plfriends_kb = pl.KnowledgeBase("friends")friends_kb([ "has_lot_work(daniel, 8)", "has_lot_work(david, 3)", "stress(X, P) :- has_lot_work(X, P2), P is P2 / 100", "to_smoke(X, Prob) :- stress(X, P1), friends(Y, X), influences(Y, X, P2), smokes(Y), Prob is P1 + P2", "to_have_asthma(X, 0.3) :- smokes(X)", "to_have_asthma(X, Prob) :- to_smoke(X, P2), Prob is P2 * 0.25", "friends(X, Y) :- friend(X, Y)", "friends(X, Y) :- friend(Y, X)", "influences(X, Y, 0.4) :- friends(X, Y)", "friend(peter, david)", "friend(peter, rebecca)", "friend(daniel, rebecca)", "smokes(peter)", "smokes(rebecca)"])print(friends_kb.query(pl.Expr("to_smoke(Who, P)")))# [{'Who': 'daniel', 'P': 0.48000000000000004}, {'Who': 'david', 'P': 0.43000000000000005}]print(friends_kb.query(pl.Expr("to_have_asthma(Who, P)")))# [{'Who': 'peter', 'P': '0.3'}, {'Who': 'rebecca', 'P': '0.3'}, {'Who': 'daniel', 'P': 0.12000000000000001}, {'Who': 'david', 'P': 0.10750000000000001}]

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     1/5

   • Programming Logic: How to Check for Neighbors in a Grid?

     Top Answer

     Answered Sep 23, 2010 · 6 votes

     Here's a simple way of getting a neighbour position avoiding worrying about the sides:

     int leftX = (x - 1 + width) % width;int rightX = (x + 1) % width;int aboveY = (y - 1 + height) % height;int belowY = (y + 1) % height;-

     It's possibly not the most efficient way of doing it, but it keeps each calculation to a single, simple expression. That's assuming you want wrap-around, of course. If you don't, you'll have to do things conditionally:

     if (x > 0){ // Use x - 1}if (x < width - 1){ // Use x + 1}

     Other Answers

     Answered Sep 23, 2010 · 5 votes

     Basically you want to access the neighbor of a cell, while ensuring you are not out of the grid. You can try a simple algorithm:

     Provided that the center cell (where you are) is (x,y), and that you want to check the diagonals as well. Your grid is [0,W[ on X, and [0,H[ on Y (basically W x H, starting from (0,0))

     for (i=-1 ; i<2 ; i++) for (j=-1 ; j<2 ; j++) if (i !=0 && j != 0) { rx = x + i; ry = y + j; if (rx >= 0 && ry >= 0 && rx < W && ry < H) { // I'm in } else { // I'm out } }

     This can be optimized on (i,j), e.g. i starts from 0 if x is 0.

     If you don't want the diagonals, you only have to check (x-1,y) (x+1,y) (x,y-1) and (x,y+1),

     for (i=-1 ; i<2 ; i+=2) { // check (x+i, y) // check (x, y+i) }

     Other Answers

     Answered Sep 23, 2010 · 4 votes

     What's it a 2d array of? Perhaps some objects that have state such as "Occupied" and "Empty" or some such? In which case introdcuce a new state such as "Edge" and "Corner" and create the 2-D array 1 cell bigger in every direction. Then your neighbour checker can just use simple +/- logic and then the processing for the set of neighbours can choose to ignore any edges.

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     2/5

   • logic programming - find synonyms of a given word

     Top Answer

     Answered Apr 09, 2021 · 1 votes

     In general, this just looks like you are interested in the transitive closure (of a graph)?

     For undirected graphs ("Being synonyms doesn’t depend on order"), this is related to Connected Components (and here we directly see some logic-relation as 2-SAT algorithms also exploit connected components).

     Maybe see also: Algowiki

     Basically:

     • preprocessing-time: calculate the transitive closure of your input
     • query-time -> synonym(a,b): check if edge (a,b) exists

     Or without preprocessing: just look for a path on-demand:

     • query-time -> synonym(a,b): check if there is a path between a, b BFS/DFS

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     3/5

   • Programming logic for income tax calculation

     Top Answer

     Answered Jan 21, 2012 · 2 votes

     function get_taxed_salary($salary){ if ($salary <= 150 ){ return $salary; }; if ($salary <= 650){ return ( 0.9 * $salary - 15.0 ); }; ...}

     later in your code you use that function like:

     $taxed_salary = get_taxed_salary($salary);-

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     4/5

   • Programming Logic/Psuedocode

     Top Answer

     Answered Jan 24, 2021 · 2 votes

     A simple method to generate some solutions is to pick a first row arbitrarily and then fill out each subsequent row by taking one minus the previous row. We can also do this with columns.

     It turns out that every valid matrix is generated by one of these two variants (note that the two perfect checkerboards are generated by both). The reason is that if the first row has adjacent zeros or adjacent ones, then the entries below it are forced, these force the rest of the row to be one minus the previous row, and in turn the rest of the rows are forced. Ditto columns. If neither the first row nor the first column has a duplicate, then we have one of the two checkerboards.

     Maximizing isn't too hard. For alternating rows, decide for each column whether the even rows or the odd rows are more valuable. For alternating columns, decide for each row whether the even columns or the odd columns are more valuable. Take the best of these two solutions.

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     5/5

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2. plato.stanford.edu › entries › logic-aiLogic-Based Artificial Intelligence (Stanford Encyclopedia of ...

   plato.stanford.edu › entries › logic-ai

   Aug 27, 2003 · 1. Logic in Artificial Intelligence. 1.1 The Role of Logic in Artificial Intelligence. 1.2 Philosophical Logic. 1.3 Logic in AI and Philosophical Logic. 2. John McCarthy and Commonsense Logicism. 2.1 Logic and AI. 2.2 The Formalization of Common Sense. 3. Nonmonotonic Reasoning and Nonmonotonic Logics. 3.1 Nonmonotonicity. 3.2 Beginnings.

   • Logic: Non-Monotonic

     Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic...

   • Reasoning: Automated

     4.1 Logic Programming. Logic programming, particularly...

3. www.geeksforgeeks.org › prolog-an-introductionProlog | An Introduction - GeeksforGeeks

   www.geeksforgeeks.org › prolog-an-introduction

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   Jun 28, 2022 · Prolog is a logic programming language that has important role in artificial intelligence. Learn the syntax, features, advantages, disadvantages and applications of prolog with examples and references.

4. People also ask

   What is logic in AI?

   • Although logic in AI grew out of philosophical logic, in this new setting it has produced new theories and ambitious programs that could only have been nurtured by a community devoted to building working, large-scale computational models of rational agency.

   Logic-Based Artificial Intelligence - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

   plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ai/

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   What are logic-based AI systems?

   • It is crucial to keep in mind just as there are many forms of machine learning; there are many different forms of logic-based approaches to AI with their own sets of tradeoffs. Very briefly, logic-based AI systems can be thought of as high-level programming systems that can easily encode human knowledge in a compact and usable manner.

   An Overview of Logic in AI and Machine Learning - Medium

   medium.com/abacus-ai/an-overview-of-logic-in-ai-and-machine-learning-2f41ccb2a335

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   What is logic programming & AI programming?

   • These are theories based off AI Programming that form the basis of code which learns from patterns and rules. Logic Programming talks about the study of principles that orbit across establishment of reasoning within tasks. It is the analysis of present rules, using which future outcomes can be derived.

   Logic Programming for Artificial Intelligence in Python

   www.arubacloud.com/tutorials/logic-programming-for-ai.aspx

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   What is the difference between logic based code and artificial intelligence?

   • Logic based code is a declarative programming approach that focuses on making code look like reading English. Artificial Intelligence is a conceptual implementation of machines that makes them mimic human intelligence. Logic programming gives these machines the power of reasoning, that in return allows for making the inferences like humans.

   Logic Programming for Artificial Intelligence in Python

   www.arubacloud.com/tutorials/logic-programming-for-ai.aspx

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5. medium.com › abacus-ai › an-overview-of-logic-in-aiAn Overview of Logic in AI and Machine Learning - Medium

   medium.com › abacus-ai › an-overview-of-logic-in-ai

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   • Automated Discovery in Science
   • Inductive Programming
   • Automation of Mathematical Reasoning
   • Verification of Computer Systems
   • Logic-Like Systems Along with Machine Learning Models

   One of the most successful uses of logic has been in the scientific domain to represent structured scientific knowledge. In 2007, a group in Wales and England created a system named Adam (Automated Discovery and Analysis Machine) . Adam can automatically form scientific hypotheses, perform experiments to test hypotheses, and record results of exper...

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   In inductive programming, the goal is to learn a computer program given a small set of input and output examples. For example, let us say we need to learn a function for deciding whether an input number is even or odd. Our examples might be just the handful shown below: Inductive programming deals with producing systems that can learn from such exa...

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   We showed with the Sudoku example above how first-order logic is more expressive than propositional logic. Is there a limit to what we can model with it? First-order logic alone is quite powerful. It is powerful enough to model almost all of classical mathematics. If you are working within the confines of standard mathematics, then you can state an...

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   Beyond mathematics, logics rooted in first-order logic and similar systems are employed in verifying computer systems. This field is known as formal verification. In formal verification, you have a computer system S, a property P and you have to verify in a relatively iron-clad manner that the property is valid. For example, see ACL2 (http://www.cs...

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   Along with the growing number of applications and domains that use machine learning models, there are still some scenarios that require the use of logic-like systems along with ML models. For example, many fraud detection systems, employ one or more machine learning models along with a large body of hand-crafted rules. These rules are necessary for...

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6. builtin.com › software-engineering-perspectives › prologIntroduction to Prolog: A Programming Language for AI | Built In

   builtin.com › software-engineering-perspectives › prolog

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   Nov 1, 2023 · Prolog is a declarative programming language designed for developing logic-based AI applications. Developers can set rules and facts around a problem, and then Prolog’s interpreter will use that information to automatically infer solutions.

7. www.arubacloud.com › logic-programming-for-aiLogic Programming for Artificial Intelligence in Python

   www.arubacloud.com › logic-programming-for-ai

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   May 7, 2022 · Learn how to use logic programming to solve mathematical problems and create artificial intelligence applications using Python libraries Kanren and SymPy. Explore the concepts of facts, rules, relations and expressions with examples and code snippets.

8. towardsdatascience.com › logic-programming-and-theLogic Programming and the Design of Humanistic AI using ...

   towardsdatascience.com › logic-programming-and-the

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   Jul 21, 2021 · One such creative construct being used to build AI is Logic Programming. LP deals with rules, functions, and inferences. It is derived from the fact that when a machine is trained enough to understand the rules present in its environment and later uses these rules to distinguish between “right” and “wrong”, that is when the machine has ...

9. link.springer.com › chapter › 10Logic Programming and Prolog | SpringerLink

   link.springer.com › chapter › 10

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   Apr 5, 2020 · Learn the basic concepts of logic programming and Prolog language, a logic programming language for AI, based on predicate logic. See examples, syntax, semantics, and applications of Prolog, and compare it with procedural languages.