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  2. May 28, 2021 · As of January 9, 2021, there are no data about the impact of the COVID-19 vaccine on male or female fertility. SMRU and SSMR recommend that COVID-19 vaccine should not be withheld from men desiring fertility who meet criteria for vaccination.

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  3. Feb 8, 2022 · COVID-19 vaccination did not reduce the chances of conception in a study of more than 2,000 couples. However, infection with SARS-CoV-2 was associated with a short-term reduction in fertility in males. The results reinforce the safety of COVID-19 vaccination for couples trying to conceive.

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    Table 1

    Pregnant and postpartum women are at increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19 compared with nonpregnant women of reproductive age. COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for all persons ≥6 months of age. Health care providers (HCPs) have a unique opportunity to counsel women of reproductive age, including pregnant and postpartum patients, about...

    Pregnant and postpartum women are at increased risk for severe COVID-19–associated illness compared with nonpregnant women of reproductive age (1). COVID-19 vaccination* before or during pregnancy is safe and effective and reduces the risk for severe illness and adverse COVID-19–associated outcomes (2–4). Similarly, influenza† and tetanus toxoid, r...

    The Fall 2022 DocStyles survey, administered during August 19–September 30, 2022, was a web-based nonprobability panel survey of U.S. HCPs¶ sampled from Sermo’s global medical panel.** Quotas were predetermined to reach 1,000 family practitioners and internists, 250 obstetrician-gynecologists (ob-gyns), 250 pediatricians, and 250 nurse practitioners and physician assistants. Eligible respondents practiced only in the United States, were actively seeing patients, had been practicing for ≥3 years, and provided care to women of reproductive age (female patients aged 15–49 years). Participation was voluntary, and respondents received an honorarium ranging from $55 to $65 depending on how many questions they were asked. The survey was designed to ascertain provider attitudes and practices on a broad range of health care topics, including COVID-19 vaccination for women of reproductive age and pregnant patients, and to determine whether HCPs recommended and offered or administered COVID-19, influenza, and Tdap vaccines during pregnancy.

    Descriptive analyses were conducted to determine provider characteristics (age, gender, number of years in practice, primary work setting, number of patients seen per week, and percentage of patients who were pregnant during the previous year) overall and by provider type. Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination attitudes and practices with reference to women of reproductive age overall and by selected provider characteristics were estimated, and Pearson’s chi-square tests of independence were used to identify differences among groups, with p-values <0.05 considered statistically significant. Factors associated with recommending and offering or administering COVID-19 vaccines on-site to pregnant patients were examined using binomial regression (log-linked binomial) models; provider characteristics and influenza and Tdap vaccination attitudes and practices related to pregnant patients were considered as potential covariates. In multivariable modeling, models were adjusted for the number of years in practice and provider age and gender. Data were analyzed using SAS software (version 9.4; SAS Institute). This activity was reviewed by CDC, deemed not research, and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.††

    Among 2,587 eligible HCPs, 1,752 (68%) completed the survey (Table 1). The majority of respondents (57.2%) were family practitioners or internists; ob-gyns, pediatricians, and nurse practitioners or physician assistants each accounted for 14.3% of the sample. Nearly two thirds of survey respondents (63.9%) worked in group outpatient settings and had been in practice for >10 years (63.6%); approximately one half (55.8%) were male, and 64.3% reported that 1%–10% of their patients during the previous year were pregnant. Among ob-gyns and pediatricians, 53.6% and 51.6%, respectively, were female compared with fewer than one third (31.0%) of family practitioners and internists. One half (50.8%) of ob-gyns had been practicing for >20 years compared with approximately one third (37.4%) of family practitioners or internists, 39.6% of pediatricians, and 16.4% of nurse practitioners and physician assistants.

    Overall, 82.9% of HCPs reported recommending COVID-19 vaccination to women of reproductive age (Table 2). The percentage of providers recommending COVID-19 vaccine varied significantly by provider type, ranging from 90.8% of ob-gyns and 90.4% of pediatricians to 76.0% of nurse practitioners and physician assistants (p<0.001). Provider perceptions of the importance of women of reproductive age staying up to date with COVID-19 vaccinations also varied substantially by provider type, ranging from 80.8% of ob-gyns to 55.6% of nurse practitioners and physician assistants reporting that staying up to date was very important (p<0.001). The importance of staying up to date with COVID-19 vaccination also varied by the percentage of patients who were pregnant that providers saw during the previous year. Among providers who reported that none of their patients were pregnant, two thirds (67.8%) reported that it was very important for women of reproductive age to stay up to date compared with three quarters (75.5%) of providers who reported that ≥11% of their patients during the previous year were pregnant (p<0.05).

    Among all respondents, approximately one half (54.7%) reported offering or administering COVID-19 vaccination on-site to women of reproductive age in their practice; this varied substantially by provider type, with 65.2% of pediatricians and 41.6% of ob-gyns offering or administering COVID-19 vaccine. Offering or administering COVID-19 vaccine also varied by the number of years in practice. Among providers practicing for 3–10 years, 60.0% offered or administered the vaccine compared with 48.9% of those practicing for ≥20 years (p<0.05).

    Among 1,538 providers who cared for pregnant patients, most recommended all three vaccines (COVID-19: 82.9%; influenza: 89.4%; and Tdap: 78.1%) (Supplementary Figure, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/133101). The percentage of ob-gyns who recommended COVID-19 vaccination to their pregnant patients (94.2%) was higher than that of family practitioners and internists (82.1%; aPR = 1.1) (Table 3). Recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination were more prevalent among providers who also recommended influenza vaccine (90.0%; aPR = 3.7) and Tdap vaccine (89.8%; aPR = 1.5), and among those who offered or administered the influenza (88.2%; aPR = 1.4) and Tdap (88.7%; aPR = 1.3) vaccines.

    The Fall 2022 DocStyles survey reported that most HCPs recommend that women of reproductive age be vaccinated against COVID-19, and the percentage was highest among ob-gyns. However, one in five family practitioners and internists did not recommend COVID-19 vaccination to women of reproductive age. This finding is consistent with other surveys on provider attitudes and practices regarding vaccination, wherein ob-gyns were more likely than were other HCPs to recommend both human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) and COVID-19 vaccines to women of reproductive age (7,8). Most providers also felt that it was very important that women of reproductive age stay up to date with COVID-19 vaccination. However, one in five providers felt that it was only somewhat important that women of reproductive age stay up to date with COVID-19 vaccination, despite evidence that these women delay vaccination or remain unvaccinated. Staying up to date with COVID-19 vaccination is especially important because vaccines and recommendations are frequently updated in order to provide optimal protection.§§ Staying up to date might be particularly important for pregnant and especially recently pregnant women who are at higher risk for severe COVID-19–associated illness or adverse pregnancy outcomes.

    This analysis found that provider-reported recommendation for COVID-19 vaccine to pregnant patients was strongly associated with reported recommendation for influenza and Tdap vaccines. Most providers offered or administered the COVID-19 vaccines on-site, and offering or administering COVID-19 vaccine to pregnant patients was strongly associated with recommending and offering or administering influenza and Tdap vaccines. A strong provider recommendation for vaccination has been shown to be effective in improving acceptance of HPV (9) and COVID-19 vaccines (10). As COVID-19 vaccine availability in primary care settings increases, and as more providers are tasked with offering or administering COVID-19, influenza, and Tdap vaccines, provider recommendations will continue to play an important role in motivating vaccination acceptance among women of reproductive age, especially to those who are pregnant. Previous studies on vaccination coverage among pregnant patients have found that influenza, Tdap, and COVID-19 vaccination coverage remains highest among women who report receiving a provider recommendation or offer for vaccination (6,10). HCPs are among the most trusted sources for information on vaccines, and provider recommendation or offer of vaccination is a strong predictor of vaccination (6,10). HCPs should be encouraged to recommend and offer or administer COVID-19 vaccine to women of reproductive age. All HCPs, regardless of provider type, should emphasize the importance of adhering to vaccination recommendations for women of reproductive age.

    1.Allotey J, Stallings E, Bonet M, et al.; for PregCOV-19 Living Systematic Review Consortium. Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2020;370:m3320. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3320 PMID:32873575

    2.CDC. COVID-19: people with certain medical conditions. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2023. Accessed February 10, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html

    3.Woodworth KR, Olsen EO, Neelam V, et al.; CDC COVID-19 Response Pregnancy and Infant Linked Outcomes Team. Birth and infant outcomes following laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy—SET-NET, 16 jurisdictions, March 29–October 14, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1635–40. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6944e2 PMID:33151917

    4.Prasad S, Kalafat E, Blakeway H, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and perinatal outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy. Nat Commun 2022;13:2414. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30052-w PMID:35538060

    5.CDC. COVID-19 vaccination field guide: 12 strategies for your community. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/downloads/vaccination-strategies.pdf

    6.Kahn KE, Razzaghi H, Jatlaoui TC, et al. Influenza (flu): flu and Tdap vaccination coverage among pregnant women—United States, April 2021. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/pregnant-women-apr2021.htm

  4. Nov 28, 2023 · The vaccine presents no safety concerns to you or your baby when trying to conceive or during pregnancy, according to the CDC. There is no evidence that the vaccine impacts future fertility or that it increases the risk of miscarriage.

  5. Despite the known risks of COVID-19, as of September 18, 2021, 31.0% of pregnant people were fully vaccinated before or during their pregnancy.3 In addition, there are racial and ethnic disparities in vaccination coverage for pregnant people.

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  6. About a third of pregnant adults in the US remained unvaccinated as of early February 2022, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) COVID Data Tracker’s weekly statistics.

  7. Nov 12, 2021 · COVID-19 Vaccination and Pregnancy. Based on US CDC data, as of September 2021, an estimated 31% of pregnant women have been vaccinated against COVID-19.1,2. Symptomatic pregnant women with COVID-19 have a 70% increased risk of death compared to non-pregnant women with COVID-19.1,2.

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