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A solution needs to be found through policies that allow the benefits to compensate for the losses. Around the world, there are an estimated 230 million migrants, making up about 3% of the global population. This share has not changed much in the past 100 years. But as the world’s population has quadrupled, so too has the number of migrants.
- Overview
- First read: preview and skimming for gist
- Second read: key ideas and understanding content
- Third read: evaluating and corroborating
- Industrialization and Migration
- Industrialization and migration
- Patterns of migration: Push and pull
- Limits
The article below uses “Three Close Reads”. If you want to learn more about this strategy, click here.
Before you read the article, you should skim it first. The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. You should be looking at the title, author, headings, pictures, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist.
Now that you’ve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you.
By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions:
1.How did industrialization influence migration?
2.How did industrialization drive urbanization?
3.What are some major factors that the author gives to explain international migration?
4.Why does the author say that more Chinese and Indian migrants didn’t move to the Americas?
Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content you’ve studied.
At the end of the third read, you should be able to respond to these questions:
1.This article gives a lot of economic reasons for why people migrated. In this lesson, you’ve learned a great deal about economic changes in the Long Nineteenth Century. But in the last lesson, you learned about a bunch of political changes that were happening at the same time. What are some political “push” and “pull” factors from the political revolutions that resulted in migration?
2.Is this history of migration in the nineteenth century “usable” in evaluating and thinking about migration today (meaning can you see similarities between migration then and now)? How, or why not?
By Trevor Getz
In the long nineteenth century, people moved from place to place like they never had before. Some of this migration was local; some of it was long distance. Much of it was voluntary. But forced migration continued for more than 100 years after the start of this era.
The long nineteenth century witnessed a series of massive migrations – larger than had ever been witnessed before. Millions of people were on the move between 1750-1914. These movements helped tie the world together in new ways. Take a look at the chart below. These four rows detail some of the largest migration patterns in this era. Migration from one region to another was happening all over the world during this period. But there were several major migration “bumps” that were bigger and more significant than the everyday migration patterns among regions.
Table 1: Largest migration patterns between 1750-1914
What do each of these bumps signify? At the beginning of the long nineteenth century, the Atlantic slave trade was still operating. Millions of enslaved Africans were unwillingly being brought to the Americas. But after 1830, this system began to slow. More and more countries criminalized the slave trade. Migration of Europeans to the Americas picked up just as the Atlantic slaving system was slowing. The population of Europe was surging in the nineteenth century. It would double from 188 million in 1800 to 400 million by 1900. As a result, the continent had trouble sustaining so many people. Many Europeans also lost land to industrialization. Urban workers who had trouble making ends meet1 in European cities began to seek new opportunities in the Americas. During the same period, another great movement started in Asia. The populations of China and India were also surging. Many citizens of both countries sought new opportunities in Southeast Asia. Meanwhile, governments in Russia and China encouraged their populations to settle in Siberia and Central Asia, partly because each country wanted to claim territory in these regions.
These major migration patterns hide perhaps the greatest migration of the time. This migration was not from one country or region of the world to another. It was from countryside to city. Look at this list of the world’s largest cities and their population in 1800:
1.Beijing – 1,100,000
2.London – 950,000
Why did people move from rural areas to urban areas? Why did they move from one region to another, over the course of the long nineteenth century? Historians often focus on what they call “push” and “pull” factors to understand migration. “Push” factors are things that make people want to leave (or force them to leave) their original area. “Pull” factors bring people to a new area.
Over the course of the long nineteenth century, many push and pull factors helped to create the vast migrations we see in these statistics. Push factors often included problems or a lack of opportunity in the homeland. For example, nineteenth-century Europe was a very difficult place for many people to live. Many farming or peasant families were kicked off their land for industrial farming and herding. They moved to cities, where populations were growing rapidly, hoping for work in the new factories. But often there wasn’t enough work to go around. This was mainly due to the fact that factories were efficient precisely because they replaced people with machines.
A number of factors “pushed” specific European populations to the Americas. Some migrants fled wars. For example, a long conflict in the Balkans pushed millions of people to leave. These refugees then fled to other parts of Europe, the Ottoman Empire, and the Americas in the 1900s. Religious persecution also drove immigrants. The Jewish population of Russia and Eastern Europe, for example, fled persecution in the millions in the late nineteenth century. Hunger was also an important push factor. The nineteenth century was an age of famines. This chart illustrates some of the largest famines:
Table 2: Largest famines
These famines were not just a result of poor years when few crops grew in an area. They were actually linked to a combination of global climate changes and poor policies. Many of these regions were colonies, and imperial rulers were notoriously bad at making sure subject populations were fed. In fact, they often continued to export food from these regions, hoping to sell it for more money elsewhere, rather than feed those in the colonies.
Colonialism also helped to create a huge “pull” factor during this period. The demand for labor in the British Empire, in particular was immense. Colonial governments planned huge projects to pull out resources – especially railroads – and private companies needed workers for mines and plantations. Often, the work was terrible – hard, dangerous, and poorly-paid. Many of these were in areas that didn’t have a lot of people, or were the local populations resisted working under these conditions. The British ruled India during this era. They found that they could cheaply employ their Indian subjects and draw them to these areas, especially during periods of famine. In China, poverty and sometimes famines also created “push” factors for laborers. Big corporations then took advantage and created a “pull” factor. They would offer to pay to relocate people to Southeast Asia and elsewhere as cheap laborers. In fact, the kind of contracts they created for these laborers looked very much like slavery. They usually took the form of “indentures” in which workers had few rights and agreed to work for a long time for little pay.
If you look at the charts at the beginning of this article, some patterns are obvious. Others are not, largely because they are missing patterns. Yet missing patterns can tell us a lot too. For example, why was emigration2 from Asia to the Americas not larger in this period? We know there were big “push” factors for people to leave China and India. We also know that there was a huge opportunity “pull” factor in the Americas. So why weren’t there more people leaving Asia and going to the Americas?
This missing pattern highlights an important emigration factor. Simply put, the governments of most American countries restricted Asian immigration. They passed laws, especially from the 1880s onward, that stopped people from some Asian countries from migrating. These laws, or “exclusion acts”, were based on racist ideas that Asians were immoral, alien, or would steal jobs from white Americans. Such laws were powerful factors that limited immigration in this era from some regions to others.
[Notes]
Author bio
Trevor Getz is Professor of African and world History at San Francisco State University. He has written or edited eleven books, including the award-winning graphic history Abina and the Important Men, and co-produced several prize-winning documentaries. He is also the author of A Primer for Teaching African History, which explores questions about how we should teach the history of Africa in high school and university classes.
[Sources and attributions]
Feb 28, 2019 · Even today, 3 percent of the world’s population—at least 258 million people—live outside of their country of origin. Whether voluntary or forced, migration has profoundly shaped our world.
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Further, Castles Miller (2009) argued that there has been a "globalization of migration," which is "the tendency for more and more countries to be crucially. affected by migratory movements at the same time" (Castles and Miller, 2009: 10). This would correspond with a diversification of immigrant.
