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Proto-Indo-Aryan (or sometimes Proto-Indic [a]) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Aryan languages. It is intended to reconstruct the language of the pre-Vedic Indo-Aryans. Proto-Indo-Aryan is meant to be the predecessor of Old Indo-Aryan (1500–300 BCE), which is directly attested as Vedic and Mitanni-Aryan.
The Indo-Iranian languages (also known as Indo-Iranic languages [1] [2] or collectively the Aryan languages [3]) constitute the largest and southeasternmost extant branch of the Indo-European language family. They include over 300 languages, spoken by around 1.5 billion speakers, predominantly in South Asia, West Asia and parts of Central Asia .
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- History
- General Characteristics
- Attested Languages
The Indo-Aryan languagesare commonly assigned to three major groups: Old Indo-Aryan languages, Middle Indo-Aryan languages and Early Modern and Modern Indo-Aryan languages. The classification reflects stages in linguistic development, rather than being strictly chronological. The Middle Indo-Aryan languages are younger than the Old Indo-Aryan langu...
The following phonological changes distinguish typical MIA languages from their OIA ancestors: 1. The replacement of vocalic liquids ṛ and ḷ by a, i or u 2. The OIA diphthongs ai and au became the monophthongs e and owhich were long in open syllables and short in closed syllables. 3. Long vowels become short in overweight and later pre/post-tonic h...
Pāli
Pali is the best attested of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages because of the extensive writings of early Buddhists. These include canonical texts, canonical developments such as Abhidhamma, and a thriving commentarial tradition associated with figures such as Buddhaghosa. Early Pāli texts, such as the Sutta-nipāta contain many "Magadhisms" (such as heke for eke; or masculine nominative singular in -e). Pāli continued to be a living second language until well into the second millennium. The Pal...
Ardhamāgadhī
Known from a few inscriptions, most importantly the pillars and edicts of Ashoka found in what is now Bihar.
Gāndhārī
Many texts in Kharoṣṭhi script have been discovered in the area centred on the Khyber Pass in what was known in ancient times as Gandharaand the language of the texts came to be called Gāndhārī. These are largely Buddhist texts which parallel the Pāli Canon, but include Mahāyāna texts as well. The language is distinct from other MI dialects.
Today, the individual Indo-European languages with the most native speakers are English, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Hindustani, Bengali, Punjabi, French and German each with over 100 million native speakers; many others are small and in danger of extinction. In total, 46% of the world's population (3.2 billion people) speaks an Indo-European ...
Major Indo-Aryan languages of South Asia; Eastern Indo-Aryan languages in shades of yellow. The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Māgadhan languages, are spoken throughout the eastern region of the subcontinent (East India, Bangladesh, Assam), which includes Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bengal region, Tripura, Assam, and Odisha; alongside other regions surrounding the ...
Aug 6, 2012 · Download Free PDF. View PDF. 1 Indo Iranian Languages: Genesis and Original Homeland. ABSTRACT: The first draft of this research study paper endorses the concept that pre-Old Indic and Old Indic (Vedic Samskrta) evolved in the area comprising the farming settlements from Mehrgarh (8th millennium BCE) and beyond (into Eastern Iran) and extending ...
