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Proto-Indo-Aryan (or sometimes Proto-Indic [a]) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Aryan languages. It is intended to reconstruct the language of the pre-Vedic Indo-Aryans. Proto-Indo-Aryan is meant to be the predecessor of Old Indo-Aryan (1500–300 BCE), which is directly attested as Vedic and Mitanni-Aryan.
- 1.2 East of the Hindi Belt
- 1.5 Southern Indo-Aryan and Further
- 1.6 The Non-Indo-Aryan Neighbourhood
- 2.1 Case-Marking
- 2.1.1 Ergativity
- 2.2 Agreement
- 2.3 Passives
- 2.3.2 Inabilitative Passives
- 2.4 Causatives
The following languages are quite closely related: Assamese (Assam) Bengali (West Bengal, Tripura, Bangladesh) Or .iya (Orissa) Bishnupriya Manipuri This group of languages is also quite closely related to the ‘Bihari’ languages that are part of the Hindi belt: Bhojpuri, Magahi, Maithili.
Southern Indo-Aryan Marathi (Maharashtra) Konkani (Goa, Mangalore, coastal areas of Maharashtra) Further: Sinhala/Sinhalese (Sri Lanka) Veddah (Sri Lanka) Maldivian/Divehi (Maldives) These languages have been separated from the rest of the Indo-Aryan languages since around the 5th century B.C. They are heavily influenced by the surrounding Dravidia...
The primary language family with which the Indo-Aryan languages came into contact with was Dravidian (Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam). There are reasons to believe that Dravidian languages were spoken in parts of North India where Indo-Aryan lan-guages are now spoken. Brahui, an isolated Dravidian language, is still spoken in parts of Pakistan. ...
Case-marking in Indo-Aryan languages is typically postpositional in nature. Subjects of finite intransitive clauses typically receive nominative case, which is usually unmarked. Leela kal aa-ii Leela.f yesterdaycome-Pfv.f ‘Leela came yesterday.’ Kalpna bahadur thii Kalpna.f brave be.Pst.F ‘Kalpna was brave.’ Nominative case (on subjects) seems to b...
The case on the subject of a finite transitive clause in the Western Indo-Aryan languages (Standard Hindi-Urdu, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Sindhi butnot Bengali, Or .iya, Bhojpuri etc.) depends upon the aspect. In perfective tenses, the subject receives Ergative case. In all other tenses the case on the subject is nominative. Ergative ca...
Many Indo-Aryan languages display object agreement and default agreement. One com-mon pattern is the one displayed by Hindi. Most prominent non-overtly case-marked argument triggers agreement: (14) Nominative subject, Accusative object, both non-overtly case-marked Rahul kitaab par .h-taa thaa Rahul.M book.F read-Hab.MSg be.Pst.MSg ‘Rahul used to r...
Passives in Modern Indo-Aryan tend to be analytical and are composed of the following elements: Ablative or Locative form of the infinitive + the verb come(Marathi, Gujarati, Kashmiri) Infinitive + the verb receive (Sinhalese) Perfective Participle + the verb go (Punjabi, Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Or .iya) Gujarati, Kumaoni, Nepali, Lahnda, Marwari...
Passive constructions with thedemotedexternal argument realizedby a-se(instrumental) phrase behave like polarity items. For most speakers, they can only appear in affective environments. They have a special modal meaning indicating (in)ability. (17) Vikram-se sirf ek per . kaat .-aa gayaa Vikram-Instr only one tree cut-Pfv Pass.Pfv ‘Vikram could on...
The Indo-Aryan languages have a complex system of causative formation where we can distinguish at least three distinct processes.
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The Indo-Aryan languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian language family. They are mostly spoken in Southern Asia, including India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Bangladesh. However, some are also spoken in other places, such as Europe. The Indo-Aryan languages come from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-Aryan, and today include ...
midd1350. The Middle Indo-Aryan languages (or Middle Indic languages, sometimes conflated with the Prakrits, which are a stage of Middle Indic) are a historical group of languages of the Indo-Aryan family. They are the descendants of Old Indo-Aryan (OIA; attested through Vedic Sanskrit) and the predecessors of the modern Indo-Aryan languages ...
The interactions between South India and Southeast Asia need to be studied from a holistic perspective, as part of the connectivity across the wider Indian Ocean network, in which interactions with China, the northern Bay of Bengal regions, Sri Lanka and other islands, the Red Sea region and West Asia were also equally crucial.
- Michael Witzel
2 The modern Indo-Aryan languages and dialects 8 2.1 Indo-Aryan: a bird's eye view 8 2.2 "Language" vs. "dialect" in the Indo-Aryan context 23 2.3 Hindi and Urdu 27 2.4 Nomenclature 30 3 The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan 32 3.1 Genetic connections 32 3.2 Migration hypotheses and associated problems 34 3.3 The traditional ...
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Which Aryan language belongs to the Indo-Aryan family?
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which the modern dialectological landscape of Indo-Aryan is to be found. The non-contiguous Indo-Aryan languages (which include, for instance, Sinhala (Sri Lanka), Divehi (Madives), Parya (Tadjekistan), and Romani (mainly Eastern Europe)) are the result of pre-modern migrations of Indo-Aryan speakers into non Indo-Aryan territory (Masica 1993: 22).
