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Pronunciation is not an intrinsic component of the dic-tionary. For some languages, such as Spanish, Swahili, and Finnish, the correspondence between orthography and pronunciation is so close that a dictionary need only spell a word correctly to indicate its pronunciation.
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- Phonemes and Their Contextual (Phonetic) Variants
- Phonetics and Sociophonetics
- Production and Perception
- Pronunciation and Spelling
- Voice Quality and Articulatory Setting
- Accent and Accentedness
- Accuracy and Fluency
- Nativeness and Pronunciation Competence
- Intelligibility, Comprehensibility, and Interpretability
The sound system of a language consists of its individual phonemes, the distinctive consonant and vowel sounds of the language, and their contextual variants (or allophones), the specific pronunciations of the phonemes in different contexts. All of the speakers of one language or language variety share the same phonemes. Yet there is a tremendous a...
Phonetics traditionally distinguishes the two branches of articulatory phonetics, which studies the physiology of speech and how speakers form, or articulate, individual sounds and combinations of these in longer utterances, and acoustic phonetics, which studies the properties of sound waves in speech and how these are perceived. Sometimes, a separ...
A person’s pronunciation skill or competence has a mechanical aspect in terms of the functioning and control of vocal organs that is required for speech production. From this mechanical perspective, a person’s knowledge of pronunciation involves the manipulation of the physiological organs forming a system of breath, resonance, resistance, and move...
An orthographic system, which is a set of symbols for writing language down, incorporates a set of conventional symbols for spelling sounds and words. For many languages, the correspondences between phonemes and orthographic symbols (graphemes) are not one-to-one but many-to-one (i.e., different phonemes are spelled the same way) and one-to-many (i...
As the sound system of a language or variety of language, phonology is tied to linguistic meaning and shared conventions which speakers draw on to communicate in an intentional way. Unintentional or unconventionalized vocal sounds, that is, those which do not signify consistent distinctions and patterns of meaning (e.g., involuntary cries in respon...
It is a common misperception that speech can be accent-free, stemming from people’s bias towards a familiar style of pronunciation. Munro, Derwing, and Morton (2006) define accentedness as “the degree to which the pronunciation of an utterance sounds different from the expected production pattern” (p. 112). As Pennington (2018b) notes: Given the fa...
Speech Production
Accuracy of pronunciation is a matter of articulating phonemes as intended so that they can be recognized by an audience as correct according to a certain system of distinctions between sounds. To develop high accuracy of pronunciation requires learning to both perceive and produce phonemes and their variants according to the norms of the community to which pronunciation is referenced. This may mean developing new targets for production that move away from inaccurate ones, such as those based...
Speech Perception
Although accuracy and fluency are usually discussed as aspects of production, they can also be considered in relation to perception. Native speakers of a language who have normal hearing and intelligence can be assumed to develop perceptual accuracy, the ability to recognize and differentiate distinct linguistic items, units, and patterns, and to link them to meaning, as well as perceptual fluencyFootnote 4 or perceptual automaticity, the ability to recognize and extract the form and meaning...
As emphasized by a number of those working in applied phonology (e.g., Jenkins, 2000, 2002; Levis, 2005; Pennington, 2015), second language phonology and the teaching of pronunciation have traditionally been focused on nativeness, that is, a native speaker model for performance, as the goal of language learning and teaching. However, given the lite...
Rather than defining it in terms of an external criterion or model of accuracy, nativeness or nativelikeness, or general pronunciation competence, an appropriate way of conceptualizing L2 pronunciation is in terms of intelligibility, which Munro et al. (2006) define as “the extent to which a speaker’s utterance is actually understood” (p. 112). A s...
- Martha C. Pennington, Pamela Rogerson-Revell
- 2019
to pronunciation in this book. Next, we review the features of pronun - ciation and the dierent types of linguistic and social meaning expressed, rst by the pronunciation of individual sounds and then by the pro-nunciation of stretches of speech. In that part of the discussion, we give many examples of the kinds of meaning conveyed by pronunciation
- Martha C. Pennington, Pamela Rogerson-Revell
- 2019
dictionary, reference book that lists words in order—usually, for Western languages, alphabetical—and gives their meanings. In addition to its basic function of defining words, a dictionary may provide information about their pronunciation, grammatical forms and functions, etymologies, syntactic peculiarities, variant spellings, and ...
- Allen Walker Read
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Sep 8, 2018 · In this chapter, we review testing concepts and the current state of pronunciation assessment and critique a number of standardized tests that include a pronunciation component while also seeking to provide our own perspectives on the “what” and “how” questions of pronunciation testing.
The treatment of pronunciation in DARE differs from that in standard dictionaries in several ways. First, pronunciation is not included in the heading for words that are widely used in American English (AE) and have little or no variation in pronunciation (such as slap ), or that vary by well-known regular processes (for example, presence or ...
Pronunciation) and American (General American) pronunciations, and the intention is to provide learners with—where possible—a single pronunciation for each word. Each part of this statement is worth attention. in keeping with previous editions . The OALD has used IPA-based phonemic transcription to indicate pronunciation since its first
