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Jan 1, 2023 · James L. Cook. 73 Accesses. Download reference work entry PDF. Synonyms. Integrity: character; Value: belief, principle. Definition. Ethical values are beliefs that provide guidelines for acting rightly in specific roles or for living morally in general. Personal integrity is consistently sound moral character. Introduction.
- james.cook@usafa.edu
This lesson introduces you to the concept of culture, a system of knowledge, beliefs, behavioral norms, values, traditions, and institutions that are created, learned, and shared by a group of people, often to be challenged and transformed over time.
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- Helmut K. Anheier
- 2020
- The Long History of Globalization and Cultural Interactions. Globalization evolved over time and continues to change, as Baldwin (2019) demonstrates.
- The Legacy of Methodological Nationalism. Envisioning cultures, values, and identities as the product of past exposures and interactions also means that the notion of national cultures and national society is historically highly questionable.
- The Overly Complex and Easily Contested Concept of Culture. Most definitions are neither true nor false; they are ultimately judged by their fruitfulness in advancing our understanding of a phenomenon.
- Values as Systems and Imprints. Like culture, the concept of values carries different meanings and is used rather loosely. For individuals, values act as an internal moral compass and are “evaluative beliefs that synthesize affective and cognitive elements to orient people to the world in which they live” (Marini 2000, 2828; see also Hitlin and Piliavin 2004, 360).
- Context: High Versus Low
- Ught Box 2.7 High Versus Low Context Scenario I
- Identity: Individualism Versus Collectivism
- 2.1 Individualism Versus Collectivism Orientation
- Holding Power: Small Versus Large Distance
- 2.2 Power Distance Orientation
- Uncertainty Avoidance: Risk Taker Versus Risk Avoider
- 2.3 Uncertainty Avoidance Orientation
- Ught Box 2.11 Uncertainty Avoidance Scenario
- Gender Roles: Masculinity Versus Femininity
Edward Hall’s research suggests that cultures can be thought of in terms of the extent to which messages are conveyed in direct versus indirect ways. As with other value dimensions, high and low context culture should be viewed as a continuum, not as a dichotomy. However, before we explain this dimension, to help you get an idea of high and low con...
Hall (1977) described cultures as falling into two domains, high and low context. In high context cultures, people tend to communicate in ways that convey messages implicitly so that much of the message is implied. In high-context cultures, messages cannot be understood clearly without background knowledge. In such cultures, relationships can take ...
According to (Hofstede 1984; Hofstede et al. 2010), IDV is the most salient dimension of his theory and is influential in shaping our sense of self. Broadly, people who are more individualistic tend to hold values that emphasize one’s individual identity. Individualism is self-promotional and endorses values such as freedom, honesty, social recogni...
Consider each of the following statements and answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’. 1. 1. I like being independent and tend to rely on myself. 2. 2. When fellow students or co-workers are recognized for good work, I feel proud of them. 3. 3. I excel when I work on my own. 4. 4. Taking care of family members is important even if I must sacrifice what I want. 5. 5. ...
The power distance dimension (PDI) of Hofstede’s (1984) Hofstede et al. (2010) theory relates to the extent to which people view power as something to be held by a select few versus power being equally distributed. Those who are in favor of small power distance prefer equality not just in power but in rights, relationships, rewards, and punishments...
Consider each of the following statements and answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’. 1. 1. Children should always obey their parents. 2. 2. It is good for lecturers to ask for feedback from students. 3. 3. People with seniority in the workplace should be respected even if their views and actions are at times wrong. 4. 4. All people are equal and should be asked to ...
The Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) dimension of Hofstede’s theory (Hofstede 1984; Hofstede et al. 2010) relates to the way in which cultures take risks and approach conflict. Before we explain UAI, please complete Box 2.3to get an idea of your orientation on this value dimension.
Consider each of the following statements and answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’. 1. 1. It would be better if there were no conflicts at school or work. 2. 2. Dealing with unexpected situations can be quite energizing at times. 3. 3. I prefer to do tasks that are familiar rather than trying something new. 4. 4. It’s okay if my lecturer says they don’t know somet...
If Company X would be your choice, this means that you are more likely an “uncertainty avoider”, or—as an ancient Greek proverb borrowed by the English language says—“A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush” (compare to “A bird in the hand is worth a hundred in the sky” in Spanish; or to “A tomtit in the hands is better than a crane in the sky”...
The MAS dimension of Hofstede’s theory relates to male and female emotional rules (Hofstede 2011) assigned to these two genders. According to Hofstede, “Masculinity stands for a society in which social gender roles are clearly distinct: Men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success; women are supposed to be more modest, t...
- Caprice Lantz-Deaton, Irina Golubeva
- 2020
- Values and Beliefs. The first, and perhaps most crucial, elements of culture we will discuss are values and beliefs. Value does not mean monetary worth in sociology, but rather ideals, or principles and standards members of a culture hold in high regard.
- Norms. So far, many of the examples in this chapter have described how people are expected to behave in certain situations—for example, buying food or boarding a bus.
- Symbols and Culture. Humans, consciously and subconsciously, are always striving to make sense of their surrounding world. Symbols—such as gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words—help people understand that world.
- Language and Symbols. Language is a system that uses symbols with which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted. Letters (which make up words), pictographs, and hand gestures are all symbols that create a language used for communication.
Mar 16, 2012 · Knowledge/understanding of one’s motives concerns forces that push us to action. Symmetrically, the crucial kind of knowledge/understanding in the last two items is knowledge of one’s passive dispositions, in charge of “coping” with good or bad causes.
Science does try to build true knowledge of how the world works, but there are other sorts of knowledge that people also call “the truth.”. For example, many have faith in spiritual truths, yet science cannot investigate this truth at all — or even tell us whether it exists.
