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Marine protists are defined by their habitat as protists that live in marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. Life originated as marine single-celled prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and later evolved into more complex eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are the more developed life forms ...
Marine microorganisms are defined by their habitat as microorganisms living in a marine environment, that is, in the saltwater of a sea or ocean or the brackish water of a coastal estuary. A microorganism (or microbe) is any microscopic living organism or virus, which is invisibly small to the unaided human eye without magnification.
- Background
- Foundations of Productive Ecosystems
- Reproduction and Host Development
- Biofouling and Microbial Community Assembly
- Biogeochemical Cycling
- Examples
- Marine Holobionts
- Further References
Within the vast biological diversity that inhabits the world's oceans, it would be challenging to find a eukaryotic organism that does not live in close relationship with a microbial partner. Such symbioses, i.e., persistent interactions between host and microbe in which none of the partners gets harmed and at least one of them benefits, are ubiqui...
Ecosystem engineers, such as many types of corals, deep-sea mussels, and hydrothermal vent tubeworms, contribute to primary productivity and create the structural habitats and nutrient resources that are the foundation of their respective ecosystems. All of these taxa engage in mutualistic nutritional symbioses with microbes. There are many example...
Extending beyond nutritional symbioses, microbial symbionts can alter the reproduction, development, and growth of their hosts. Specific bacterial strains in marine biofilms often directly control the recruitment of planktonic larvae and propagules, either by inhibiting settlement or by serving as a settlement cue. For example, the settlement of zo...
Some host-associated microbes produce compounds that prevent biofouling and regulate microbiome assembly and maintenance in many marine organisms, including sponges, macroalgae, and corals. For example, tropical corals harbor diverse bacteria in their surface mucus layer that produce quorum-sensing inhibitors and other antibacterial compounds as a ...
Host-associated microbiomes also influence biogeochemical cycling within ecosystems with cascading effects on biodiversity and ecosystem processes. For example, microbial symbionts comprise up to 40% of the biomass of their sponge hosts. Through a process termed the "sponge-loop," they convert dissolved organic carbon released by reef organisms int...
The microbiomes of diverse marine animals are currently under study, from simplistic organisms including sponges and ctenophores to more complex organisms such as sea squirtsand sharks. The relationship between the Hawaiian bobtail squid and the bioluminescent bacterium Aliivibrio fischeriis one of the best studied symbiotic relationships in the se...
Reef-building corals are holobionts that include the coral itself (a eukaryotic invertebrate within class Anthozoa), photosynthetic dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium), and associated bacteria and viruses.Co-evolutionary patterns exist for coral microbial communities and coral phylogeny. 1. Coral holobiont 2. Seagrass holobiont 3. S...
Stal, L. J. and Cretoiu, M. S. (Eds.) (2016) The marine microbiome: an untapped source of biodiversity and biotechnological potential Springer. ISBN 9783319330006.Marine Microbiome and Biogeochemical Cycles in Marine Productive Areas. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020. ISBN 978-2-88963-276-3. OCLC 1291256407.Jul 23, 2019 · Only 1% of marine bacteria can be grown in a laboratory. So scientists have to study them in the ocean. The tiny size of bacteria makes this very hard. Scientists sometimes collect microbes using plankton nets. These cone-shaped nets have a very fine mesh. A container at one end of the net collects the samples.
Apr 21, 2022 · Ocean microbes play an important role in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, particularly the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulfur cycles. They also form the very base of the marine food chain, recycle nutrients and organic matter, and produce vitamins and cofactors needed by higher organisms to grow and survive.
Download image (jpg, 100 KB). The term “marine microbe” covers a diversity of microorganisms, including Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota, and viruses. These organisms are exceedingly small—only 1/8000th the volume of a human cell and spanning about 1/100th the diameter of a human hair. Up to a million of them live in just one milliliter of ...
Figure 1. examples of marine protists and of methods used to visualize eukaryotic microbes: (a) live cells of the 2-µm-diameter marine flagellated alga Pelagomonas calceolate, trans-mitted light microscopy. (B) two cells of a 5-µm-long marine heterotrophic flagellate (Bodo sp.), scanning electron microscopy (Sem).
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