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Fred Schweppe introduced state estimation to power systems in 1968. He defined the state estimator as “a data processing algorithm for converting redundant meter readings and other available information into an estimate of the state of an electric power system”.
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A power system is said to be fully observable if voltage phasors at all system buses can be uniquely estimated using the available measurements.
Why PSSE and not PF? measurements are noisy. electric quantities are not measured at all grid locations. Measurement model. System state: vector of voltages v in polar or rectangular coordinates. zm = hm(v) + m; m = 1; : : : ; M. Function hm(v) can be linear or non-linear. M: number of measurements. m noise of m-th measurement.
- 1 Estimation Example in Gams
- 2 Observability Example in Octave
- 3 Erroneous Measurement Detection Example in Octave
An input GAMS file to solve Illustrative Example 5.1is provided below: 1 scalars 2 x line reactance / 0.15/ 3 v1m Voltage measurement at node 1 / 1.07/ 4 v2m Voltage measurement at node 2 / 1.01/ 5 p12m Active power 12 measured at 1 / 0.83/ 6 q12m Reactive power 12 measured at 1 / 0.73/ 7 p21m Active power 21 measured at 2 /−0.81/ 8 q21m Reactive ...
A GNU Octave file to carry out the observability analysis in Illustrative Example 5.2is provided below: 1 clc 2 % All measurements 3 H=... 4 [ 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 6 0 0 1/0.15 7 1/0.15 −1/0.15 0 8 0 0 −1/0.15 9 −1/0.15 1/0.15 0]; 10 null_vpq = null(H) 11 % Only v and q measurements 12 Hvq = H([1:2 4 6],:); 13 null_vq = null(Hvq) 14 % Only p measurements...
A GNU Octave file to solve Illustrative Example 5.4is provided below: 1 clc 2 y=1/0.15; v1=1.133; v2=1.043; d1=0.104; 3 W=diag((1/(0.01)**2)*ones(6,1)); 4 z=[1.17 1.01 0.83 0.73 −0.81 −0.58]'; 5 h=[ 6 v1 7 v2 8 v1*v2*y*sin(d1) 9 v1**2*y− v1 * v2 * y * cos ( d1 ) 10 − v2 * v1 * y * sin ( d1 ) 11 v2**2*y− v2 * v1 * y * cos ( d1 ) 12 ]; 13 r=z− h ; 1...
- Antonio J. Conejo, Luis Baringo
- 2018
The power system state estimation has broadened due to improvisations in techniques; revision of states from static to dynamic; inclusion of system components like FACTS, etc. A review of various state estimation techniques vis-à-vis dynamic state estimation techniques is presented in this work.
The classic equal-area criterion (EAC) is of key importance in power system analysis, and provides a powerful, pictorial and quantitative means of analysing transient stability (i.e. the system's ability to maintain stable operation when subjected to a large disturbance).
The electrical power system is a network of interconnected components which generate electricity by converting different forms of energy, (thermal, hydro, and nuclear are the most common forms of energy converted) to electrical energy; and transmit the electrical energy to load centers to be used by the consumer.
