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The Middle Ages were a period of European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance. Learn more about the art, culture and history of the Middle Ages.
- Knights Templar
The Knights Templar was a powerful medieval organization of...
- Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars between...
- Middle Ages
People use the phrase “Middle Ages” to describe Europe...
- Black Death
The Black Death was a devastating global epidemic of bubonic...
- Siege of Orléans
Between October 1428 and May 1429, during the Hundred Years’...
- Tower of London
Over the ensuing centuries, many towers as well as a...
- Knights Templar
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1 day ago · For those who were travelling to the Middle East from Europe, whether as pious pilgrims or as enthusiastic crusaders, murder could be the consequence of ignorance – or at least of mistaken bigotry. New arrivals from the west were generally unaware of the rich ethnic and cultural melting pot that would await them.
- The Heretics
- Early Heretics & Nicaea
- The Church & Temporal Power
- Six Great Medieval Heresies
- Conclusion
Although Europe was nominally orthodox Christian throughout the Middle Ages, there were a number of movements which questioned the Church's teachings and sought to establish their own version of Christianity or, as in the case of the Paulicians, Bogomils, and Cathars, a kind of sister-religion which drew on the tenets of Persian Manichaeism, Greek ...
Christianity between the 1st and 4th centuries was interpreted differently by various religious factions. After Constantine the Great (r. 306-337) legitimized Christianity, he demanded a unified vision for the new faith which was attempted at the first Council of Nicaea in 325 CE. Prior to this, the teachings of Arius of Alexandria (l. 256-336) – w...
The Church wielded temporal power through secular means since Constantine and his immediate successors considered themselves Christian champions. Since the Church was tax exempt, it could amass considerable wealth, and since it also demanded one-tenth of a believer's income as a tithe, this wealth grew and translated into land and power. In the 8th...
The sacraments included baptism, confirmation, communion, penance, marriage, holy orders, and anointing the sick (also known as last rites). One needed to observe the sacraments in order to be considered a Christian in God's grace, and these rites had to be administered by the Catholic clergy to be valid. The Church charged people for each of these...
A modern-day reader may find it difficult to understand why someone did not initiate serious reform earlier. The answer, as noted above, is the complete monopoly the Church held over the religious imagination of the people of Europe. It is easy to look back and recognize what should have been done differently and when, but even in one's own persona...
- Joshua J. Mark
Jul 4, 2023 · Medieval knights were mounted warriors. Now, ‘knight’ is simply a title that is bestowed upon a civilian person as a great honor. But the original knights were soldiers, courtiers, and heroes. Knights were allowed to hold land in exchange for military service. And because it was not originally an inherited position, it meant that even men from the lower classes could get a knighthood.
By the twelfth century, there were medical schools throughout Europe. The most famous was the school of Salerno in southern Italy, reputedly founded by a Christian, an Arab, and a Jew.
Among the persons whose writings form the basis for Patristics, i.e. prominent early Church "fathers", are Justin Martyr (c.100-c.165), Irenaeus of Lyons (c.130-c.200), Clement of Alexandria (c.150-c.215), Tertullian (c.160-c.225), Origen (c.185-c.254), Cyprian of Carthage (d. 258), Athanasius (c.296-c.373), Gregory of Nazianzus (329-389), Basil...
In some but certainly not all, cases, Moors were described as fuscus. Due to the relevance of this population in the Iberian peninsula during the Middle Ages, this term may have entered English—and other European languages less exposed to this group—via its Spanish cognate moro.
