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Sep 26, 2023 · Last updated on November 19, 2023. The Eastern Roman Empire, also called the Byzantine Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. It ended with the fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD.
- Origins
- Justinian I
- The Byzantine Dark Age
- Byzantine Comeback?
- The Great Schism of 1054
- The Fourth Crusade
- The End of The Byzantine Empire
- Additional Resources
- Bibliography
- Timeline
By the early fourth century A.D., the Roman Empirecovered a huge territory, from northern England to Syria. However, it had become difficult to govern and rife with problems, so in A.D. 293, the emperor Diocletian introduced a system known as the tetrarchy. This effectively split the empire into four regions — two of which were ruled by emperors (a...
Justinian I became emperor in 527. He was the nephew and adopted son of Justin I, who had been a palace guard before usurping the throne in 518. While many historians say that Byzantium's golden age occurred during his reign, Justinian's rule didn't start off very promisingly. Early in his reign, Justinian moved to further cement Christianity as th...
Justinian I died in 565. The centuries after Justinian's death are sometimes referred to as the Byzantine "Dark Age," as a series of misfortunes befell the empire. In the west, much of the territory that Justinian had captured was lost. By the beginning of the seventh century, "much of Italy was under Lombard rule, Gaul was in Frankish hands and th...
Byzantium never returned to the "golden age" it had experienced during Justinian's rule. Nevertheless, the military situation stabilized in the ninth century, and by the 11th century, Byzantium had regained a considerable amount of territory that it had lost. By the time of Emperor Basil II's death in December 1025, after a reign of almost 50 years...
On July 16, 1054, a papal legate (representative) named Humbert of Silva Candida excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius. At the time Pope Leo IX had recently died and a new pope had not been selected. The patriarch refused to relinquish power and excommunicated Humbert in return. This resulted in a schism breaking out b...
In 1204, an army of crusaders from the west sacked Constantinople and installed a short-lived line of rulers. The idea of Christians crusading against other Christians was strange even by the standards of the Middle Ages. There are a number of reasons why it came to this. The Great Schism of 1054 and the subsequent decades of separation between the...
While Constantinople was once again under control of a Greek ruler, its end was drawing near. The empire struggled on into the 15th century, but the emperors gradually lost their importance in favor of religious officials. In 1395, Patriarch Anthony, the Patriarch of Constantinople, felt the need to give a speech explaining why the Byzantine empero...
The Byzantine Empire's warriors fought many battles. Read about the discovery of a 14th-century soldier whose fractured jaw had been healed with gold thread. You can also learn about some rare 1,000-year-old Byzantine swords in this article. Some examples of Byzantine era shipwreckscan be seen in this photo gallery.
Geanakoplos, D. (1984) "Byzantium: Church Society, and Civilization Seen through Contemporary Eyes" University of Chicago Press Theotokis, G, and Meško, M. (eds) (2021) "War in Eleventh-Century Byzantium" Routledge, 2021 Gregory, T. (2010) "A History of Byzantium" Wiley-Blackwell John Giebfried and Kyle Lincoln "The Remaking of the Medieval World, ...
October 312Constantine I is victorious at the Battle of Milvian Bridge and becomes emperor of the western half of the Roman Empire. 324Constantine wins the Battle of Chrysopolis and becomes the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. After this Byzantium (later renamed Constantinople) is built up as a second capital of the Roman Empire. 337Constantine dies...
The Roman Empire of the East was founded on Monday 11 May 330; it came to an end on Tuesday 29 May 1453 - although it had already come into being when Diocletian split the Roman Empire in 286, and it was still alive when Trebizond finally fell in 1461.
The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire which began in 330 AD and lasted until 1453 AD. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe before its eventual decline.
TIMELINE 3.2 The Eastern Empire and Byzantium to 1000 governed from Constantinople continued to call themselves “Roman” and to claim that they governed the “Roman Empire,” but they usually looked east across the Bosporus, not west toward Rome. Modern historians have applied a distinction these Eastern emperors
The Byzantine Empire was the predominantly Greek-speaking continuation of the eastern half of the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), originally known as Byzantium.
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After the empire fell in 1453, Western scholars began calling it the “Byzantine Empire” to emphasize its differences from the earlier Latin-speaking Roman Empire centered on Rome, and by the 19th century this term had become standard among historians.
