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Sep 14, 2023 · Trypanosomiasis is a serious type of parasitic infection that affects different parts of your body as it spreads, including your: Skin. Blood. Lymph nodes. Brain and the fluid surrounding your brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid). It spreads through the bites of tsetse flies that live in equatorial Africa.
- Overview
- Forms of Human African Trypanosomiasis
- Animal Trypanosomiasis
- Disease Burden and Distribution
- Infection and Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Who Response
Human African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a vector-borne parasitic disease. It is caused by protozoans of the genus Trypanosoma, transmitted to humans by bites of tsetse flies (glossina) which have acquired the parasites from infected humans or animals. Tsetse flies inhabit sub-Saharan Africa and only certain species transm...
HAT takes 2 forms, depending on the parasite subspecies: 1. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense,found in 24 countries of west and central Africa, currently accounts for 92% of reported cases and causes a chronic illness. A person can be infected for months or even years without major signs or symptoms. When evident symptoms emerge, often the disease is ad...
Other trypanosomes cause disease in wild and domestic animals. In African cattle, it is called Nagana. Trypanosomiasis in domestic animals is a major obstacle to rural economic development. Domestic and wild animals are the main reservoir of human-pathogenic T. b. rhodesiense. Animals can also be infected with T. b. gambienseand possibly act as a r...
HAT threatens mainly populations of remote rural areas with limited health services, which complicates its diagnosis and treatment. These populations are also affected by war, displacement and poverty, factors favoring transmission. Several epidemics occurred over the last century: 1. between 1896 and 1906, mostly in Uganda and the Congo Basin 2. i...
HAT is mostly transmitted through tsetse flies. Other possible transmission ways are: 1. mother-to-child: trypanosomes can cross the placenta and infect the fetus; 2. mechanical transmission by other blood-sucking insects is possible, although its epidemiological impact is likely marginal; 3. accidental infection in laboratories via pricks with con...
Diagnosis involves 3 steps: 1. screening for potential infection using serological tests (only available for T. b.gambiense) and clinical examination; 2. confirmation by observing microscopically the parasite in body fluids; and 3. staging the disease progression via clinical examination and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid obtained by lumbar punctu...
The treatment choice depends on the disease form and the disease stage. The earlier the disease is treated, the better the prospect of cure. The assessment of treatment outcome requires follow up for up to 24 months with clinical assessment and laboratory exams including sometimes of cerebrospinal fluid, because parasites may remain viable and repr...
A range of activities of the WHO HAT surveillance and control program are enabled since 2001 by public–private partnerships with the Sanofi Foundation and Bayer HealthCare. WHO supplies all anti-trypanosome medicines worldwide gratis thanks to donations from Sanofi and Bayer, and collaboration with MSF-Logistics for conditioning and shipment. A WHO...
The majority of species are transmitted by blood-feeding invertebrates, but there are different mechanisms among the varying species. Trypanosoma equiperdum is spread between horses and other equine species by sexual contact.
Τrypanosoma equiperdum is a species of kinetoplastid parasites that causes Dourine or covering sickness in horses and other animals in the family equidae. T. equiperdum is the only known trypanosome that is not spread by an insect vector . [1]
Feb 19, 2022 · Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of the American human trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, is mainly transmitted via feces of triatomine bugs, affecting 6–8 million people, mainly in Latin America, most of whom are chronic carriers , while 65–100 million people are at risk .
Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted by kissing bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). The most common genera responsible for transmission of the disease are Triatoma, Rhodnius, and Panstrongylus. Infection usually occurs after bugs defecate on the bite site and are rubbed into the wound by the host scratching.
Aug 19, 2013 · It is mostly mechanically transmitted by tabanids and stomoxes, initially to camels, in sub-Saharan area. The disease spread from North Africa towards the Middle East, Turkey, India, up to 53° North in Russia, across all South-East Asia, down to Indonesia and the Philippines, and it was also introduced by the conquistadores into Latin America.
