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The Insular Government of Porto Rico (Spanish: Gobierno Insular de Puerto Rico), known as the Insular Government of Puerto Rico after May 17, 1932, was an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States that was established when the Foraker Act became effective on April 12, 1900.
The Insular Government of Porto Rico ( Spanish: Gobierno Insular de Puerto Rico ), known as the Insular Government of Puerto Rico after May 17, 1932, was an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States that was established when the Foraker Act became effective on April 12, 1900.
Jan 12, 2024 · During his tenure the Insular Council lost the autonomous powers granted it by the Constitution of 1897. He also abolished taxes on meat and bread while decreeing higher imposts on alcohol and tobacco. He also suspended foreclosures for one year, a controversial measure in an place so dependent on land as capital.
The administration of Puerto Rico was the responsibility of the United States Department of War 's Division of Customs and Insular Affairs, which was modeled after the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Almost immediately, the United States began the "Americanization" process of Puerto Rico.
- Background
- List of The Insular Cases
- Doctrine of Incorporation
- Political Debate
- American Reaction
- Scholarly Criticism
- Judicial Criticism and Later Challenges
- Impacts
- Other Cases
- See Also
In 1898, the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (which entered into force on April 11, 1899), which ended the Spanish–American War and granted the United States the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Additionally, Cuba remained under the jurisdiction of the United States Military Government until its independence on May 20, 1902. Since there...
Various authorities have listed what they consider are the legitimate constituents of the Insular Cases. Juan R. Torruella, a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (the federal appeals court with jurisdiction over the Federal Court for the District of Puerto Rico), considers that the landmark decisions consist of six fundamental ...
The Insular Case decisions created a doctrine allowing for the United States to acquire and govern colonial territories. The most important doctrinal lines from the Insular Cases include the idea of incorporated and unincorporated territories and the overarching principle that the Constitution does not inherently extend to unincorporated territorie...
The Insular Cases came at a time when America was building its empire. Throughout history, empire-building and colonial expansion have been a contentious topic. The reaction within the United States to the Insular decisions was no different, with both supporters and dissenters voicing their opinions. In Downes, Justice Henry Brown claimed that the ...
Bartholomew Sparrow notes that almost all of the Insular Case opinions were 5–4 within the Supreme Court, demonstrating the contentious nature of the topic even from the highest voice of law in the United States. In Downes v. Bidwell (1901), the Supreme Court reached a decision after one of the most spirited discussions ever held within the sacred ...
It is now commonly acknowledged that the decisions made in the Insular Cases were influenced by racist ideas of the period. Scholar Rick Baldoz notes that American political "anxieties about immigration, race, and economic competition"strongly influenced the debate surrounding the Insular Cases. Downes and De Lima have been criticized for their inc...
In Harris v. Rosario, 446 U.S. 651 (1980), the Court applied Califano v. Torres, 435 U.S. 1 (1978) in a succinct per curiam order, holding that less aid to Puerto Rican families with dependent children did not violate the Equal Protection Clause, because in U.S. territories Congress can discriminate against its citizens applying a rational basis re...
The Philippines was recognized as an independent country in 1946, following World War II. Guam and Puerto Rico have remained unincorporated territories and are two amongst the sixteen existing insular areas. Baldoz suggests that U.S. rule over Puerto Rico as a result of the Insular Casespreviewed attempts in the 20th century at American attempts at...
Calero-Toledo v. Pearson Yacht Leasing Co., 416 U.S. 663(1974)Examining Bd. v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572(1976)Rodriguez v. Popular Democratic Party, 457 U.S. 1(1982)Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle, No. 15-108, 579 U.S.___ (2016)Mar 20, 2020 · The Insular Cases refers to a series of Supreme Court decisions made beginning in 1901 concerning the constitutional rights afforded to residents of the overseas territories the U.S. had acquired in the Treaty of Paris: Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, as well as (eventually), the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mari...
Book/Printed Material Report of the United States Insular Commission to the secretary of war upon investigations made into the civil affairs of the island of Porto Rico, with insular recommendations.
