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California uses two tests to determine the existence of a unitary business. The most common test is the three-utilities test that focuses on the three factors of ownership, operations, and use to determine if a unitary business exists. Unity of ownership is deemed to be 50% ownership, either directly or indirectly.
Apr 14, 2015 · The unitary business principle finds its roots in 19th-century property taxation, when the U.S. Supreme Court first observed that an integrated business should be taxed as one unit instead of...
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accounting, such as cost and management accounting, auditing, taxes, and systems. Various facets of accounting theory are discussed throughout this book. We begin by briefly examining the relationship between accounting theory and the institu-tional structure of accounting. One of the objectives of this book is to assess the influence
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separate accounting cannot adequately isolate the income of firms engaged in a unitary business and that combination is required if firms are not to be allowed to use legal form to reduce taxes artificially, especially through manipulation of the internal transfer prices required for separate accounting predicated on legally distinct incorporation.
- Charles E McLure, Charles E McLure
- 1983
1. Strongly unitary: the original meaning. Seeking to uncover the original public meaning of the founding document, those in Cell (1) begin with the text. 27 Article II vests the executive power in “a President of the United States.” 28 It also grants the President the power to “take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed.” 29 On one view, these terms are exceedingly clear. 30 They ...
- Cass R. Sunstein, Adrian Vermeule
- 2021
This paper employs economic analysis to frame a three part test of whether a unitary business exists. Underlying the tests is the notion that a unitary business exists when separate accounting can not satisfactorily isolate the profits of individual firms. The first test is common control.
Division of power can also occur via a unitary structure or confederation . In contrast to federalism, a unitary system makes subnational governments dependent on the national government, where significant authority is concentrated.
