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The operating system can be implemented with the help of various structures. The structure of the OS depends mainly on how the various standard components of the operating system are interconnected and melded into the kernel.
A design known as an operating system enables user application programs to communicate with the machine’s hardware. Given its complex design and need to be easy to use and modify, the operating system should be constructed with the utmost care. A straightforward way to do this is to supernaturally develop the operating system. These parts must each have unique inputs, outputs, and functionalities.
This article discusses a variety of operating system implementation structures, including those listed below, as well as how and why they function. Additionally, the operating system structure is defined.
Depending on this, we have the following structures in the operating system
- Simple/Monolithic Structure
- Micro-Kernel Structure
- Hybrid-Kernel Structure
- Exo-Kernel Structure
- Layered Structure
- Modular Structure
- Virtual Machines
What is a System Structure for an Operating System?
Because operating systems have complex structures, we want a structure...
1. MS-DOSMS-DOS which is short for Microsoft Disk Operating System is a non-graphical command line operating system developed for IBM compatible computers with x86 microprocessor. The operating system used a command line interface for the user to input commands to navigate, open and manipulate files on their computer.
Features:
- It is a single user operating system meaning only one user can operate at a time.
- It is a light weight operating system allowing users to have direct access to the BIOS and its underlying hardware.
- Loads data and programs from external sources and bring them into the internal memory so they can be used on the computer.
- Enables the computer to perform input and output operations such as taking commands from keyboard, printing information on the screen.
- It is very helpful in making file management like creating, editing, deleting files, etc.
- It also controls and manages other external devices such as the printer, keyboard or external hard drive using various drive utilities.
Drawbacks:
- It does not allow multiple users to operate on the system.
- It does not support graphical interface hence mouse cannot be used to operate it.
- It does not support multiprogramming meaning it can only have one process in the ram.
- It lacked memory protection which meant no security, and less stability.
- It has difficulty in memory access when addressing more than 640 MB of RAM.
Windows is an operating system designed by Microsoft to be used on a standard x86 Intel and AMD processors. It provides an interface, known as a graphical user interface(GUI) which eliminates the need to memorize commands for the command line by using a mouse to navigate through menus, dialog boxes, buttons, tabs, and icons. The operating system was named windows since the programs are displayed in the shape of a square. This Windows operating system has been designed for both a novice user just using at home as well as for professionals who are into development.
<img alt="Windows">
Features:
- It is designed to run on any standard x86 Intel and AMD hence most of the hardware vendors make drivers for windows like Dell, HP, etc.
- It supports enhanced performance by utilizing multi-core processors.
- It comes preloaded with many productivity tools which helps to complete all types of everyday tasks on your computer.
- Windows has a very large user base so there is a much larger selection of available software programs, utilities.
- Windows is backward compatible meaning old programs can run on newer versions.
- Hardware is automatically detected eliminating need of manually installing any device drivers.
Drawbacks:
- Windows can be expensive since the OS is paid license and majority of its applications are paid products.
- Windows has high computer resource requirement like it should have high ram capacity, a lot of hard drive space and good graphics card.
- Windows slows and hangs up if the user loads up many programs at the same time.
- Windows includes network sharing that can be useful if user has a network with many PCs.
- Windows is vulnerable to virus attacks since it has a huge user base and users have to update OS to keep up-to-date with security patches.
3. LINUX Operating SystemThe Linux OS is an open source operating system project that is a freely distributed, cross-platform operating system developed based on UNIX. This operating system is developed by Linus Torvalds. The name Linux comes from...
- Linux is free can be downloaded from the Internet or redistribute it under GNU licenses and has the best community support.
- Linux OS is easily portable which means it can be installed on various types of devices like mobile, tablet computers.
- It is a multi-user, multitasking operating system.
- BASH is the Linux interpreter program which can be used to execute commands.
- Linux provides multiple levels of file structures i.e. hierarchical structure in which all the files required by the system and those that are created by the user are arranged.
- Linux provides user security using authentication features and also threat detection and solution is very fast because Linux is mainly community driven.
- There’s no standard edition of Linux hence confusing for users and also becoming familiar with the Linux may be a problem for new users.
- More difficult to find applications to support user needs since Linux does not dominate the market.
- Since some applications are developed specifically for Windows and Mac, those might not be compatible with linux and sometimes users might not have much of a choice to choose between different applications like in Windows or Mac since most apps are developed for operating systems that have a huge user base.
- Some hardware may not be incompatible with Linux since it has patchier support for drivers which may result in malfunction.
- There are plenty of forums to resolve Linux issues, but it may not always match the user’s own level of technical understanding.
- Solaris is known for its scalability. It can handle a large workload and still delivers indisputable performance advantages for database, Web, and Java technology-based services.
- Solaris systems were known to their availability meaning that these operating systems hardly crashes at anytime and because of its internet networking oriented design and broad scope of features it makes the job of adding new features or fixing any problems easy.
- It is built for network computing as it provides optimized network stack and support for advanced network computing protocols that delivers high-performance networking to most applications.
- Solaris has advanced, unique security capabilities which includes some of the world’s most advanced security features, such as user rights management, cryptographic Framework and secure by default networking that allows users to safely deliver new solutions.
- Provides tools to enable seamless interoperability, test new software and efficiently consolidate application workloads.
- Solaris is quite expensive since it’s an enterprise operating system. Also, Solaris doesn’t provide updates for free.
- Solaris lacks a good graphical user interface support and is not user friendly.
- Hardware support is not nearly as good as many other operating systems.
- Performance would degrade considerably since Solaris cannot make use of different hardware that efficiently.
- Solaris sometimes becomes unstable and crashes due to total consumption of CPU and memory.
- Its kernel known as EKA2 features preemptive multithreading, scheduling, memory management system and device drivers.
- Allows third party software to enhance the platform for better performance of the operating system.
- Symbian Interface is easy to use and very user friendly.
- Applications for Symbian are normally written in C++ or Symbian C++ using Symbian Software Development Kit (SDK).
- Symbian can also run applications written in Python, Java ME, Flash Lite, Ruby and .NET.
- Connectivity is lot easier and faster.
- Symbian OS has good efficiency and stability.
- Responsiveness is not smooth and sensitive as other operating systems.
- The Symbian OS is very vulnerable and can be easily affected by a Virus.
- Lack of virtual memory.
- The android operating system is an open source operating system means that it’s free and any one can use it.
- Android offers optimized 2D and 3D graphics, multimedia, GSM connectivity, multi-tasking.
- Android OS is known for its friendly user interface and exceptional customizable according to the user’s taste.
- Huge choice of applications for its users since Playstore offer over one million apps.
- Software developers who want to create applications for the Android OS can download the Android Software Development Kit(SDK) to easily develop apps for android.
- Android would consume very little power but deliver extreme performance since its hardware is based on ARM architecture.
- The design and coding of intuitive modern user experiences and interfaces poses a difficulty because of its dependency on Java.
- Most apps tend to run in the background even when closed by the user draining the battery.
- Performance is bound to take a hit as multiple programs run simultaneously in the background at any given time.
- Android phones overheat especially when indulged in hardcore productivity tasks or heavy graphics.
- Apps have lower security profiles and make users more susceptible to data breaches.
- It is written in C, C++, Objective-C and Swift and is based on the Macintosh OS X.
- Has excellent and intuitive user interface and very fluid response.
- Performance of iOS is unbeatable.
- iOS comes with a lot of default apps, including an email client, web browser, media player and the phone app.
- Availability of higher quality apps which can be downloaded from the Appstore.
- Apple has provided its own iOS software development kit (SDK) for the developers to create applications for Apple mobile devices.
- iOS is much safer than other mobile operating systems and has fewer security breaches as well.
- Provides regular updates and security patches.
- The OS is closed source instead of open source hence beta testing taking a lot of time since its only available to limited developers.
- The amount of memory space the iOS applications occupy is very large when compared with other mobile platforms.
- Lack of customization compared to other operating systems.
- Doesn’t allow third party installations.
- Having intense graphics and animations consumes more power and causes battery drains.
- iOS is resource intensive operating system due to which older devices struggle to run it.
- Robust and stable: FreeBSD is known for its robust and stable nature, making it a popular choice for servers and other mission-critical applications.
- Performance: FreeBSD is designed for performance, and its use of advanced memory management and process scheduling algorithms results in fast and efficient system performance.
- Security: FreeBSD has a strong focus on security, and includes many features to help secure a system, such as security-enhanced kernels, mandatory access controls, and secure levels.
- Flexibility: FreeBSD is highly flexible and customizable, allowing users to configure the operating system to meet their specific needs.
- Large repository of software: FreeBSD has a large repository of software packages available, making it easy for users to install and use the software they need.
- Networking: FreeBSD is designed for networking, and includes a range of advanced networking features, such as support for IPv6, TCP/IP, and virtual networking.
- BSD license: FreeBSD is released under the BSD license, which allows users to freely use, modify, and redistribute the operating system as they see fit.
- Limited hardware support: While FreeBSD has a wide range of hardware support, it may not support some of the latest or most cutting-edge hardware devices, especially when compared to other operating systems like Windows or macOS.
- Complexity: FreeBSD is known for its advanced features and technical capabilities, but this can also make it a more complex operating system to use and set up compared to other options, especially for less experienced users.
- Smaller community: While the FreeBSD community is dedicated and active, it is smaller than some of the other open-source communities, such as those around Linux or Ubuntu. This can make finding help or support more challenging for some users.
- Speed and simplicity: Chrome OS is designed to start up quickly and be easy to use, with a simple and clean user interface.
- Web-based apps: The majority of applications used on Chrome OS are web-based, accessed through the Chrome web browser.
- Integration with Google services: Chrome OS integrates seamlessly with Google services like Gmail, Google Drive, and Google Calendar.
- Automatic updates: Chrome OS is designed to receive automatic updates, ensuring that the operating system and its security features are always up-to-date.
- Security: Chrome OS is known for its strong security features, including automatic updates, built-in virus protection, and secure boot.
- Limited offline functionality: Chrome OS relies heavily on an internet connection, and many of its applications and features may not work properly without an internet connection.
- Limited software options: While the selection of web-based apps available for Chrome OS is growing, it is still limited compared to other operating systems like Windows or macOS.
- Limited hardware compatibility: Chrome OS is designed to work best on Chromebooks, and may not work as well on other devices, especially those with limited hardware specifications.
- Dependence on Google services: If you use Chrome OS, you are heavily dependent on Google services, which may not be suitable for everyone.
- User-friendly interface: macOS has a clean and intuitive graphical user interface, making it easy to use for both beginners and advanced users.
- Integration with Apple’s ecosystem: macOS integrates well with Apple’s other products, such as the iPhone, iPad, and Apple Watch, allowing for seamless connectivity and data transfer between devices.
- Built-in applications: macOS comes with a range of built-in applications, such as iMessage, FaceTime, and Safari, making it possible to perform a wide range of tasks without having to install additional software.
- High-quality software: Apple is known for its focus on quality, and macOS is no exception. The operating system includes high-quality applications and is known for its stability and reliability.
- Price: macOS is a proprietary operating system, and Mac computers are typically more expensive than other types of computers.
- Limited hardware compatibility: Because macOS is only available on Apple’s Mac computers and laptops, users are limited in terms of hardware compatibility, especially when compared to other operating systems like Windows or Linux.
- Proprietary software: Many of the applications and software available for macOS are proprietary and only available from Apple’s App Store, which can limit user choice and flexibility.
- Lack of customization: Unlike other operating systems, such as Linux, macOS has limited customization options, making it less flexible for advanced users who want to change the look and feel of their operating system.
- Solaris has Zettabyte File System(ZFS) which is a revolutionary file and logical volume manager that control the storage and retrieval of data which is not found in any other operating system.
- Solaris is provided with a Service Management Facility (SMF) that is responsible for management of system and application services that improves the availability of a system by ensuring that essential system and application services function normally without any troubles even in the case of hardware or software failures which is also known as Oracle Solaris Predictive Self-Healing capability.
- Solaris provides awesome observability utilities which can be used to find performance bugs, functional bugs and kernel bugs.
- Solaris scales well on multi-socket multicore systems with large number of cores due to Solaris’ broader CPU support but also to the architecture of the OS itself. Solaris you can mix and match vertical and horizontal scalability whereas most of the other operating systems only provide vertical scaling.
- Solaris has always provided strict security providing additional barriers and immune systems to prevent any data breaches to their servers.
- Since Linux operating system is highly customizable, which plays an important role in resource management and performance optimization which makes it most convenient for building or setting up large, multi-processor clusters while such modifications are very limited or in some cases restricted in other operating systems like windows.
- Management of storage access is often troublesome when multiple computers are organized to form a cluster, this where Linux’s clustered file system may be come in handy to organize data storage and access across all of the cluster nodes connected.
- Linux clustered file systems will employ utilities to actually power down the faulty node.
- Linux is scalable hence making it easy to add resources to the cluster.
- Linux has the added advantage of availability of most scientific and engineering software and compilers readily through package managers and they can be easily configured and compiled without hassle.
- Windows operating systems offer a suite of built-in utilities and applications like text processors, e-mail clients, calendars, calculators, image and video viewers, editors, snapshot tools, voice recorders, and web browsers, and apps for maps, cameras, news, weather, and contacts and many more can be installed from the internet if the user desires.
- Windows provides a suite of productivity applications under Office suite like Word, Presentations, Spreadsheets etc.
- Microsoft’s cloud storage platform OneDrive which helps the users to backup files and use them in any device anywhere.
- Windows provides a huge range of interface customization options.
- Windows 10 had full touch screen support, and it offers a Tablet mode that lets users to switch between using the pen and keyboard for inputs to increase productivity.
- Windows even provides a voice assistant that is capable of tasks like opening apps and web pages, informing the weather, etc.
- Windows OS makes it easier to arrange windows on the screen and lets users to create multiple virtual desktops for multi-tasking applications.
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The operating system can be implemented with the help of various structures. The structure of the OS depends mainly on how the various standard components of the operating system are interconnected and melded into the kernel.
A design known as an operating system enables user application programs to communicate with the machine’s hardware. Given its complex design and need to be easy to use and modify, the operating system should be constructed with the utmost care. A straightforward way to do this is to supernaturally develop the operating system. These parts must each have unique inputs, outputs, and functionalities.
This article discusses a variety of operating system implementation structures, including those listed below, as well as how and why they function. Additionally, the operating system structure is defined.
Depending on this, we have the following structures in the operating system
- Simple/Monolithic Structure
- Micro-Kernel Structure
- Hybrid-Kernel Structure
- Exo-Kernel Structure
- Layered Structure
- Modular Structure
- Virtual Machines
What is a System Structure for an Operating System?
Because operating systems have complex structures, we want a structure...
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Top Answer
Answered Feb 08, 2019 · 2 votes
For example, what happens when a user program tries to access a file? That depends on how the user program is accessing the file. fopen/read/write calls are offered by the filesystem managed by the OS.
Does a system call get invoked that is then handled by the OS to find the correct file and data? If a database is used, the database manages it's own set of data files, and indexes into those data files. The database engine executes IO requests which are handled by the underlying OS. Additionally, the database most possibly will also do caching to reduce file IO.
Or is the call handled by the DBMS, which can then more efficiently find the data (tuple/record) using a B+ tree for example? And then the DBMS makes a call to the OS to actually get the data? Depending on the database query, the data can be read sequentially, or accessed randomly via an index lookup.
Is the database only accessed if using a programming language like SQL? If I just write a simple C program that writes a file to disk, is the data really stored in a "database" or just in some block on disk where the information for the file is stored within the inode for that file? It's stored in the filesystem that might used a block based design. A simple C program should use an SDK to connect to a database, and then invoke SQL statements.
Hope this helps!
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www.pcmag.com › picks › windows-vs-macos-vs-chromeThe Best Operating Systems: Windows, macOS, Linux, or ... - PCMag
www.pcmag.com › picks › windows-vs-macos-vs-chrome- Microsoft Windows 10. 4.5. $139.00 at Microsoft Store. Windows powers more than 1.4 billion PCs, making it by far the most popular desktop operating system.
- Apple macOS Sonoma. 4.5. Visit Site at Apple.com. Apple's desktop operating system is polished, capable, and reliable. It gets big updates every year, with Sonoma being the latest.
- Microsoft Windows 11. 4.5. Visit Site at Microsoft Store. Beneath its glossy new surface with design cues from ChromeOS and macOS, Windows 11 is largely the same as Windows 10.
- Google ChromeOS. 4.0. $0.00 at Google Shopping. Google's desktop operating system started out by providing a web browser and little else. The idea was for it to be an entirely cloud-powered app running only web apps and using Google Drive to store all your data.
www.geeksforgeeks.org › different-operating-systemsDifferent Operating Systems - GeeksforGeeks
www.geeksforgeeks.org › different-operating-systems- MS-DOS. MS-DOS which is short for Microsoft Disk Operating System is a non-graphical command line operating system developed for IBM compatible computers with x86 microprocessor.
- Windows Operating System. Windows is an operating system designed by Microsoft to be used on a standard x86 Intel and AMD processors. It provides an interface, known as a graphical user interface(GUI) which eliminates the need to memorize commands for the command line by using a mouse to navigate through menus, dialog boxes, buttons, tabs, and icons.
- LINUX Operating System. The Linux OS is an open source operating system project that is a freely distributed, cross-platform operating system developed based on UNIX.
- Solaris Operating System. Solaris or SunOS is the name of the Sun company’s Unix variant operating system that was originally developed for its family of Scalable Processor Architecture-based processors (SPARC) as well as for Intel-based processors.
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › List_of_operating_systemsList of operating systems - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › List_of_operating_systemsThis is a list of operating systems. Computer operating systems can be categorized by technology, ownership, licensing, working state, usage, and by many other characteristics. In practice, many of these groupings may overlap.
People also ask
What is an example of an operating system?
- An operating system is computer software that manages hardware and other software. Some operating system examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Operating System (OS) Definition & Examples - Lifewire
www.lifewire.com/operating-systems-2625912What operating system does a computer use?
- There are three main operating systems for computers: Windows, Apple, and Linux. The two main operating systems for mobile are Android and iOS. There are countless other operating systems made for specific devices, such as Samsung's One UI that only works on Samsung devices. What is the operating system for Chromebooks?
Operating System (OS) Definition & Examples - Lifewire
www.lifewire.com/operating-systems-2625912What are the three operating systems?
- In today’s world, we see a strong showing for all three operating systems: Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS. Competition spurs creativity and combats complacency, and there is plenty of new development for these three operating systems. If you want to know more about the similarities and differences in these three operating systems, keep reading.
OS Comparison | CompTIA
www.comptia.org/blog/os-comparisonWhich operating system should I Choose?
- You don’t have a great many choices when it comes to your computer's operating system, but the one you make can have wide-ranging consequences. The five OSes included here are your most viable options: Windows 10, Windows 11, macOS Sonoma, Ubuntu Linux, and Google ChromeOS.
The Best Operating Systems: Windows, macOS, Linux, or ChromeOS ... - …
www.pcmag.com/picks/windows-vs-macos-vs-chrome-os-vs-ubuntu-linux-which-operating-system-reignswww.lifewire.com › operating-systems-2625912Operating System (OS) Definition & Examples - Lifewire
www.lifewire.com › operating-systems-2625912Jan 24, 2022 · There are three main operating systems for computers: Windows, Apple, and Linux. The two main operating systems for mobile are Android and iOS. There are countless other operating systems made for specific devices, such as Samsung's One UI that only works on Samsung devices.
www.freecodecamp.org › news › an-introduction-toWindows vs MacOS vs Linux – Operating System Handbook
www.freecodecamp.org › news › an-introduction-toApr 12, 2022 · April 12, 2022 / #Software Development. Windows vs MacOS vs Linux – Operating System Handbook. Germán Cocca. Hi everyone! In this handbook I'm going to give a brief introduction to operating systems and compare the three main OSs that are out there nowadays. First we're going to review what an OS is and little history about them.
edu.gcfglobal.org › en › computerbasicsComputer Basics: Understanding Operating Systems - GCFGlobal.org
edu.gcfglobal.org › en › computerbasicsYour computer's operating system ( OS) manages all of the software and hardware on the computer. Most of the time, there are several different computer programs running at the same time, and they all need to access your computer's central processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage.
www.comptia.org › blog › os-comparisonOS Comparison | CompTIA
www.comptia.org › blog › os-comparisonNov 29, 2021 · Monday, November 29, 2021 | By Damon M. Garn. In today’s world, we see a strong showing for all three operating systems: Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS. Competition spurs creativity and combats complacency, and there is plenty of new development for these three operating systems.
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