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Catholicism. Signature. Charles V [c] [d] (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. He was heir to and then head of the rising House of Habsburg.
May 18, 2018 · Madrid became the empire's capital in 1561, when Philip II took the court there and the concept of Spain began to take precedence over Castile. Its culture and legal system were used to bring its transatlantic colonies into the fold.
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Kingdom of Navarre, former independent kingdom of Spain (known until the last half of the 12th century as the Kingdom of Pamplona, after its capital and chief city), which, at the time it ceased to exist as such (1512), occupied the area of the present province of Navarra (about 4,000 square miles [10,390 square km]) together with the Tierra de All...
This was a small region between Labourd and Béarn whose capital was at Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. In the Middle Ages much of Navarre was Basque-speaking. The other language used was the Navarro-Aragonese dialect, which, together with French (after 1234), was the language of the administration. The whole kingdom was mountainous except for the Tudela salient in the southeast, where the dry plains called Las Bardenas provided an important grazing region.
Though Navarre ceased to have a frontier with the Moors at a relatively early date, a considerable Moorish population lived there, notably in Tudela. The Navarrese Moors were allowed to serve in the army and provided an important source of skilled artisans. Large Jewish aljamas (congregations) existed in the chief towns and were protected by the Navarrese kings when persecution became serious elsewhere. Another important population were the francos—mostly French and Gascon immigrants—who inhabited separate quarters in Pamplona and other towns. Their relations with the native Navarrese population were often strained.
Pamplona was Moorish territory after 711, but its Basque rulers achieved some degree of autonomy. In about 798 one of them, Iñigo Arista, established himself as an independent ruler. For a time, Iñigo accepted Frankish suzerainty, and by the time Garcia Iñiguez took power in the late ninth century, this dynasty was strong enough to assume regal titles and to establish diplomatic and family relations with Asturias. Under Sancho Garcés the rulers of Pamplona extended their dominions south of the Ebro, capturing Nájera and much of La Rioja. Under him and his immediate successors Navarre reached the height of its power. By a combination of diplomatic dexterity and military strength, the kingdom survived, relatively unscathed, the peak of the caliphate’s influence in Spain in the 10th century. During the reign of Sancho III Garcés (“the Great”) from about 1000 to 1035, the Navarrese were able to establish a brief hegemony over all Christian Spain. Sancho’s empire was, however, short-lived, and in 1076 Sancho Ramírez of Aragon occupied Pamplona.
The Aragonese ruled Navarre until 1134. It recovered its independence when the Navarrese proclaimed García V (“the Restorer”) as king. An entirely new orientation was given to Navarrese history in 1234 when Sancho VII was succeeded by his nephew, Theobald I, count of Champagne, and a succession of French rulers with important possessions in France ruled the kingdom. They included, at times, the kings of France themselves. Historically the most famous of these French rulers was Charles II (“the Bad”), count of Évreux, under whom Navarre became internationally important because of the king’s involvement in French politics and the spread of the Hundred Years’ War to the kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula. Charles himself had ambitions to recover for his kingdom the territories in Spain which had belonged to Sancho the Great. His cognomen “the Bad” was inspired by the brazen way in which he constantly altered Navarrese foreign policy to meet rapidly changing foreign pressures. Charles managed, however, to retain the loyalty of his subjects and to preserve the independence of Navarre. He did, however, lose all his French possessions except Allién Puertos, and in 1379 he was forced to accept Castilian garrisons in his southern castles.
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In the later Middle Ages Navarre was divided administratively into five merindades: La Ribera (Tudela), Sanguesa, Pamplona (La Montana), Estella, and Allién Puertos. In Allién Puertos, the functions of royal merino (administrative official) were carried out by the castelán of Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. Under the merinos were the sozmerinos and, in the towns, the bailes. The chief military officer of the kingdom was the alférez. The treasury (cámara de comptos) was partly modeled on the French system under a recibidor general (receiver general) or tesorero (treasurer), with recibidores in each merindad.
The somewhat ambiguous international status of Navarre was reflected in its coinage: apart from local currency, French, Gascon, and Aragonese money circulated freely. The law of the land was based on the Fuero General de Navarra (a body of customary law built up before 1155) but much modified in different localities by local fueros. Efforts by some of Navarre’s French rulers to undermine customary law were strongly and effectively resisted, though feudal grants sometimes appeared. In the 14th century one-sixth of the whole population claimed hidalguía (noble descent) and the tax exemption which went with it. The Corte General of Navarre controlled, in theory, not only extraordinary subsidies (pedidos) but also ordinary taxation. However, since it was the king’s prerogative to decide who should be summoned and when, the Navarrese parliament had little real power and its legislative importance was slight.
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Ferdinand IV has been king of Castile and king of Leon through a personal union since 1295. Now the two kingdoms are united under a single crown with a single cortes. The unified kingdom is called 'Castile & Leon' or more simply as Castile. The Basques are still within the boundaries of the kingdom. 1312 - 1350.
Castile and the realms of Aragon were separate states until 1716 in spite of a shared crown and the newly established colonies in the Americas and Pacific were Castilian, administered as appendages of Castile, until in 1778 Seville was the only port authorized to trade in America, and despite the dynastic union Catalans, as subjects of the ...
The Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. It began in the 9th century: it was called County of Castile and was a vassalage depending from the Kingdom of León. It was one of the kingdoms that existed before the Kingdom of Spain.
In al-Andalus (Muslim Spain) the city was first the seat of a kūra (Spanish: cora), or territory, of the Caliphate of Córdoba, then made capital of the Taifa of Seville (Arabic: طائفة أشبيليّة, Ta'ifa Ishbiliya), which was incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III, who was first to be interred in the ...
