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Terms such as Imperium Romanum Occidentale and Hesperium Imperium were either never in official usage or invented by later medieval or modern historians long after the Western Roman court had fallen.
- Republic to Principate
- Julio-Claudian Dynasty
- Rebellions
- Year of The Four Emperors
- The Flavians
- Antonine Dynasty
- Severan Dynasty
- Crisis of The Third Century
- Tetrarchy
- After Constantine
After the Battle of Actium which resulted in the defeat and subsequent suicides of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, Octavian, now sole ruler of Rome, continued or began a full scale reformation of military, fiscal and political matters. These reforms were intended to stabilize and to pacify the Roman world and would also cement the acceptance of the new ...
Augustus, leaving no sons, was succeeded by his stepson Tiberius, the son of his wife Livia from her first marriage. Augustus was a scion of the gens Julia (the Julian family), one of the most ancient patrician clans of Rome, while Tiberius was a scion of the gens Claudia, only slightly less ancient than the Julians. Their three immediate successor...
In peacetime, it was relatively easy to rule the empire from its capital city, Rome. An eventual rebellion was expected and would happen from time to time: a general or a governor would gain the loyalty of his officers through a mixture of personal charisma, promises and simple bribes. A conquered tribe would rebel, or a conquered city would revolt...
The forced suicide of emperor Nero, in 68 C.E., was followed by a brief period of civil war since Marc Antony's death in 30 B.C.E.) known as the year of the four emperors. Between June of 68 C.E. and December of 69 C.E., Rome witnessed the successive rise and fall of Galba, Otho and Vitellius until the final accession of Vespasian, first ruler of t...
The Flavian Dynasty, although a relatively short-lived dynasty, helped restore stability to an empire on its knees. Although all three have been criticized, especially based on their more centralized style of rule, they issued reforms that created a stable enough empire to last well into the third century. However, their background as a military dy...
The next century came to be known as the period of the "Five Good Emperors," in which the succession was peaceful though not dynastic and the Empire was prosperous. The emperors of this period were Nerva (96–98 C.E.), Trajan (98–117 C.E.), Hadrian (117–138 C.E.), Antoninus Pius (138–161 C.E.) and Marcus Aurelius (161–180 C.E.), each being adopted b...
The Severan dynasty includes the increasingly troubled reigns of Septimius Severus (193–211 C.E.), Caracalla (211–217 C.E.), Macrinus (217–218 C.E.), Elagabalus (218–222 C.E.), and Alexander Severus (222–235 C.E.). The founder of the dynasty, Lucius Septimius Severus, belonged to a leading native family of Leptis Magna in Africawho allied himself w...
The Crisis of the 3rd Century is a commonly applied name for the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 C.E. and 284 C.E.It is also called the period of the "military anarchy." After Augustus Caesar declared an end to the Civil Wars of the first century B.C.E., the Empire had enjoyed a period of limited external invasion, inter...
The transition from a single united empire to the later divided Western and Eastern empires was a gradual transformation. In July 285 C.E., Diocletian defeated rival Emperor Carinus and briefly became sole emperor of the Roman Empire. Diocletian saw that the vast Roman Empire was ungovernable by a single emperor in the face of internal pressures an...
Sons of Constantine
The Empire was parted again among his three surviving sons. The Western Roman Empire was divided among the eldest son Constantine II and the youngest son Constans. The Eastern Roman Empire along with Constantinople were the share of middle son Constantius II. Constantine II was killed in conflict with his youngest brother in 340 C.E. Constans was himself killed in conflict with the army-proclaimed Augustus Magnentius on January 18 350 C.E. Magnentius was at first opposed in the city of Rome b...
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Apr 29, 2020 · Chapters. Ancient sources. Scientific approach. In general history, there is understanding that Rome was founded in 753 BCE by the legendary king Romulus, who according to the Romans was the son of Mars – the god of war and the priestess of the goddess Vesta, who was to descend from the family of Aeneas himself.
Terms such as Imperium Romanum Occidentalis and Hesperium Imperium were never in official usage or were invented by later medieval or modern historians long after the Western Roman court had fallen. In the ancient era, the Latin term that was often used was "S.P.Q.R." ("Senatus Populusque Romanus" ["Senate and People of Rome"] Latin) in ...
The history of Medieval Europe is no different: it has its roots in the collapse of the western Roman Empire in 456 CE. Rome’s history is said to have begun in 753 BCE with the founding of the city by legendary twins Romulus and Remus, who the legend says were raised by a wolf after being abandoned as babies.
2.2 Imperium as power: Augustus and the beginning of the empire The basic meaning of the Latin term imperium was ‘command’ and the term included the authority that lay behind the mandate. During the long period in which Rome was a republic, imperium signified the power attached to the office of the leading elected magistrates of the city ...
Apr 20, 2024 · Terms such as Imperium Romanum Occidentale and Hesperium Imperium were either never in official usage or invented by later medieval or modern historians long after the Western Roman court had fallen. In the ancient era the Latin term often used was " S.P.Q.R. " ("Senatus Populusque Romanus" ["Senate and People of Rome"] Latin) used in documents ...
