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Feb 12, 2024 · Backward conditioning is classical conditioning, where the conditioned stimulus comes after the unconditioned stimulus ends. Whether backward conditioning can create conditional learning is debated by researchers.
Feb 1, 2024 · Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is learning through association and was discovered by Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.
Apr 24, 2024 · Based on Pavlov's experiment, classical conditioning in learning is characterized by five principles: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination. The first refers to the introduction of the neutral stimulus, while the second indicates the gradual disappearance of the conditioned response.
Review the concepts of classical conditioning, including unconditioned stimulus (US), conditioned stimulus (CS), unconditioned response (UR), and conditioned response (CR). Explain the roles that extinction, generalization, and discrimination play in conditioned learning.
May 1, 2023 · Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a type of unconscious or automatic learning. This learning process creates a conditioned response through associations between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.
Backward conditioning occurs when a CS immediately follows a US. [13] Unlike the usual conditioning procedure, in which the CS precedes the US, the conditioned response given to the CS tends to be inhibitory. This presumably happens because the CS serves as a signal that the US has ended, rather than as a signal that the US is about to appear.
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In classical conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together, and researchers study how a reflexive response to a stimulus can be mapped to a different stimulus—by training an association between the two stimuli.