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By October frustration was building within Allied leadership. Sir Ian Hamilton lost his job and was replaced by Sir Charles Monroe who immediately concluded that the peninsula needed to be evacuated. But British leadership was unwilling to accept such a knock to British prestige. The event that forced Allied withdrawal actually came in the Balkans.
In the short term Haldane and Hamilton prevailed, but the merits—indeed, the necessity—of compulsory military service would become apparent within a year of the outbreak of World War I. In 1910 Hamilton became British commander in chief in the Mediterranean.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
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Hamilton was optimistic, but sometimes ignored reality. The landings in April were only a limited success and attempts to regain the initiative in August failed. Eventually his command came under scrutiny, partly because of complaints circulated by the Australian correspondent Keith Murdoch.
Are the High Gods bringing our new Iliad to grief? At whose door will history leave the blame for the helpless, hopeless fix we are left in? General Sir Ian Hamilton The dawn of the legend 'Worthy sons of the Empire' The failed plan. Ian Hamilton; William Bridges; Ewen Sinclair–MacLagan; 25 April 1915 –The landing; 25 April 1915 – Battle ...
- Genesis of The Dardanelles Decision
- Flawed Assumptions Underpinning The British Strategy
- Naval Operations in The Dardanelles
- Amphibious Landings on Gallipoli
- Mismatch of Ends and Means
- Conclusion
- Coda: Lessons Learned on Amphibious Assault
With combat in France and Belgium characterized by hopeless direct assaults on entrenched enemy positions, British strategists began planning for a new direction.4First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill contemplated amphibious operations in the North Sea to increase pressure on Germany. He proposed a joint Anglo-French amphibious assault alon...
The British designed their Dardanelles plan on a series of faulty assumptions. Political leaders and military planners alike assumed the Turks were deficient in martial skill, grit, and determination.19 Churchill displayed unbridled confidence in the ability of naval bombardment to destroy land targets.20 British war planners assumed that the battl...
British naval forces shelled the forts at the entrance of the Dardanelles on November 1, 1914, well before the formal commencement of the Gallipoli campaign. The purpose of the attack was more to punish Turkey for siding with the Triple Alliance than an attempt to secure the strait. The shelling had a more pernicious effect, alerting the Turkish de...
The British did not reassess their strategic objective of defeating Turkey and opening a line of communication with Russia after the failure of the naval attack. In fact, the historical record shows just the opposite: British leaders redoubled their efforts, eventually committing nearly 500,000 Allied forces to the Gallipoli operation. Kitchener ap...
The British experience in the Dardanelles is a cautionary tale that highlights the flaws inherent in a strategy characterized by improperly aligned ends and means.37 The initial plan—a navy-only effort to forcibly enter the Dardanelles, navigate the peninsula while destroying land-based targets with surface fires, and force the capitulation of Cons...
The changing character of war, embodied in the deadly intersection of 19th-century tactics and 20th-century weapons, created a staggering number of casualties in 1914. The carnage prompted British leaders to seek a new front to break the European stalemate. Strategists looked east to open a new theater of war. The plan to conduct operations against...
The Dardanelles campaign was a disaster for Great Britain. Amphibious assaults against defended beachheads, among the most challenging of military operations, were widely considered impossible after the failed Gallipoli landings. The seemingly overwhelming challenges presented by amphibious assaults—in command and control, amphibious operations doc...
Oct 8, 2022 · IAN Hamilton, who has died aged 97, was a lawyer and prominent Scottish nationalist who was best known for his role in the audacious plot to take the Stone of Destiny from Westminster Abbey and ...
Sep 6, 2023 · That evening, Major-General William Bridges, commander of the 1st Australian Division, and Lieutenant-General Sir William Birdwood, commander of ANZAC, both advised General Sir Ian Hamilton, Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, that the Allied force be withdrawn from the peninsula.
