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1. • No operating systems

     • The first digital computers had no operating systems. They ran one program at a time, which had command of all system resources, and a human operator would provide any special resources needed.
     www.britannica.com › technology › Android-operating-system

     Android | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica

2. Top results related to what was the operating system of the first digital computer?

   • What is the correct value to return to the operating system upon the successful completion of a program?

     Top Answer

     Answered Aug 31, 2011 · 6 votes

     return EXIT_SUCCESS;-

     from your main() function.

     Alternatively, std::exit(EXIT_SUCCESS) from just about anywhere in your program (it gets more complex if you have multiple threads/processes, obviously).

     Note that on most platforms (and, in particular, POSIX), EXIT_SUCCESS has a value of 0. So return 0 or exit(0) would usually work just as well.

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   • What is the purpose of strlcpy and what was in the first version of its manual page?

     Top Answer

     Answered Jun 23, 2023 · 2 votes

     What is the purpose of strlcpy…?

     Both strncpy and strlcpy guarantee not to attempt writing beyond length given by the third parameter, but they differ in how they handle the last character when the copy would go beyond the buffer:

     • strncpy copies a character from the source into the last byte of the destination.
     • strlcpy writes a null character into the last byte of the destination.

     strncpy conceivably has uses such as completely filling a destination buffer and then, if the source was not completely copied, using realloc to allocate more memory for the destination and then completing the operation. However, it may be prone to misuse: Since it produces outputs that are not null-terminated, a programmer writing code using strings might inadvertently treat the destination as a null-terminated string, passing it to printf or other routines, resulting in a crash or other bugs.

     strlcpy provides some safety from this sort of bug since its output is always a null-terminated string. (Of course, different types of bugs may occur, such as producing a string that is incorrect because an expected portion is missing or because it is shorter than expected.)

     … and what was in the first version of it's manual page?

     As the man page is making the point that replacing this code:

     if (strlcpy(pname, dir, sizeof(pname)) >= sizeof(pname)) goto toolong;if (strlcat(pname, file, sizeof(pname)) >= sizeof(pname)) goto toolong;-

     with this code:

     n = strlcpy(pname, dir, sizeof(pname));if (n >= sizeof(pname)) goto toolong;if (strlcpy(pname + n, file, sizeof(pname) - n) >= sizeof(pname) - n) goto toolong;-

     can improve efficiency but has a hazard of introducing bugs, we can presume the first version of the man page had a bug in the comparisons (n >= sizeof(pname) or strlcpy(…) >= sizeof(pname) - n) or the length and address calculations (pname + n, sizeof(pname) - n). Possibly > was used instead of >= or n-1 in place of n or some other off-by-one error. The specific error is inconsequential; the point is that more complicated code is more prone to human error.

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     2/5

   • What was the first release date of GNU Make?

     Top Answer

     Answered Dec 22, 2015 · 4 votes

     The first commit in the source repository is:

     commit d5998dcec13c4d3f5efe9584008b8dbfabc28f09Author: Roland McGrath <[email protected]>Date: Sat Apr 23 16:12:14 1988 +0000- Initial revision This version was distributed by RMS in `binutils.tar'.

     So this suggests it was previously available as part of a tarball release (but not tracked in source control) some time before Apr 23 1988.

     The first copyright date in the GNU Make manual is also 1988.

     The GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 4, February, 1988 says:

     The GNU version of Make is now ready, and will be distributed soon.

     And the GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 5, June, 1988 says:

     We have been distributing the GNU `make' utility for several months.

     So that means the initial release was distributed some time after February 1988.

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     3/5

   • What was the first version of MS Office to officially support Unicode?

     Top Answer

     Answered Sep 19, 2008 · 2 votes

     office 97: "The universal character set provided by Unicode overcomes this problem. Office 97 was the first version of Office to support Unicode in all applications except Microsoft Access and Microsoft Outlook®. In Office 2000, Access and Microsoft Publisher gain Unicode support. Microsoft FrontPage® 2000 also supports Unicode on Web pages, but text typed into dialog boxes and other elements of the user interface are limited to characters defined by the user’s code page." - Microsoft url: http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/ork2000/HA011382921033.aspx

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     4/5

   • What do we mean when we say that control of the operating system is passed on to the main() function while execution of a program?

     Top Answer

     Answered Jan 27, 2017 · 0 votes

     What you are describing is largely the function of the linker. The linker has to identify the starting address to be executed in the program.

     Some programming languages have explicit PROGRAM identifiers (e.g. Pascal, FORTRAN) to identify the starting point of the program. C uses the function name "main" to identify y the starting point.

     In some implementations the C library provides a starting point that is a wrapper around main.

     The procedure here is system-specific so I am going to be general. I assume that the process has been created. Now you are executing a system service to "run" your program. That system service invokes the the system program. The loader reads the instructions in the executable file to set up the process address space.

     Now your program is ready to run. The "run" system service branches (usually a call) to the starting address specified in the executable file. For your C program that will be either main or a wrapper around main.

     Thus your "run" system service had called your program/main/or a wrapper just like it is a function.

     When your "main" finished it returns to the caller just like any other function: the "run" system service. On some systems the system service causes the process to terminate when it resumes after a call to start function. In other systems, the system service exits and the command interpreter resumes.

     What do we mean by control ?

     Control just means invoking the instruction stream your application. Your program is being called as a function from the "run" system service.

     Calling a function means giving the function "control."

     "Run" system service calls Main that calls any other functions that return to Main when finished that returns to the "Run" system service.

     if control is really passed from the OS to the program then how come multiple programs run at the same time ??

     For that we are getting beyond the scope of the original question. This is where terminology causes a problem. Each program runs in the a separate PROCESS. The operating system manages processes. The transfer of control here is really the transfer of control of the process; not control of the system.

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     5/5

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3. People also ask

   When was the first operating system developed?

   • 2. The Second Generation (1955 – 1965) GMOSIS, the first operating system (OS) was developed in the early 1950s. For the IBM Computer, General Motors has created the operating system.

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   What software was first developed for a personal computer?

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   What was the first computer in the world?

   • The foremost vital computers were ENIAC and UNIVAC-1. UNIVAC was the world’s 1st commercially electronic computer. IBM 650 was the foremost widespread first-generation laptop. Here are the 1st generation pc list ENIAC, EDVAC, IBM-701, and IBM-650. What is a Vacuum Tube?

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   When did the IBM PC come out?

   • The IBM Personal Computer (PC) was introduced in 1981. Microsoft supplied the machine's operating system, MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System). IBM Corporation, the world’s dominant computer maker, did not enter the new market until 1981, when it introduced the IBM Personal Computer, or IBM PC.

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4. www.geeksforgeeks.org › evolution-of-operating-systemHistory of Operating System - GeeksforGeeks

   www.geeksforgeeks.org › evolution-of-operating-system

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   May 23, 2024 · GMOSIS, the first operating system (OS) was developed in the early 1950s. For the IBM Computer, General Motors has created the operating system.

5. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Operating_systemOperating system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Operating_system

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   18 hours ago · Microsoft Windows was first released in 1985, as an operating environment running on top of MS-DOS, which was the standard operating system shipped on most Intel architecture personal computers at the time.

6. www.britannica.com › technology › ENIACENIAC | History, Computer, Stands For, Machine, & Facts

   www.britannica.com › technology › ENIAC

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   May 3, 2024 · ENIAC, the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer, built during World War II by the United States and completed in 1946. The project was led by John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, Jr., and their colleagues. ENIAC was the most powerful calculating device built to that time.

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8. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › ComputerComputer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Computer

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   1 day ago · The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the U.S. Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus, it was much faster, more flexible, and it was Turing-complete.

9. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › LinuxLinux - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Linux

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   1 day ago · Linux ( / ˈlɪnʊks / LIN-uuks) [11] is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, [12] an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds.

10. www.britannica.com › technology › personal-computerPersonal computer (PC) | Definition, History, & Facts ...

    www.britannica.com › technology › personal-computer

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    3 days ago · A small firm named MITS made the first personal computer, the Altair. This computer, which used Intel Corporation’s 8080 microprocessor, was developed in 1974. Though the Altair was popular among computer hobbyists, its commercial appeal was limited.

11. www.geeksforgeeks.org › first-generation-of-computerFirst Generation Of Computer - GeeksforGeeks

    www.geeksforgeeks.org › first-generation-of-computer

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    3 days ago · EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer was designed by von Neumann. It could store data also as instruction and thus the speed was enhanced. UNIVAC: It was the world’s 1st commercially electronic computing device. it absolutely was created by Eckert and Mauchly in 1947.