Imitation of Life
1959
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Douglas Sirk was a German film director who made Hollywood melodramas in the 1950s, such as Magnificent Obsession and Imitation of Life. He left Germany in 1937 after his Jewish wife was persecuted by the Nazis and became a US citizen in 1946.
Douglas Sirk was a German-born director who made films in Germany, Denmark and Hollywood. He is known for his melodramas that critique American society and culture, such as All That Heaven Allows and Imitation of Life.
- January 1, 1
- Hamburg, Germany
- January 1, 1
- Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
- Zu neuen Ufern (1937) Sirk’s most interesting film for UFA (the leading German studio of its day used by the Nazis for its propaganda films) is a tale of a woman brought down by the inadequacy of men around her.
- La Habanera (1937) Zarah Leander suffers again in her second film with Sirk, but here her character is much stronger – she plays a Swedish woman who, on holiday in Puerto Rico, runs off the ship to stay in the exotic locale to become the wife of a wealthy landowner.
- Summer Storm (1944) Before this adaptation of Chekhov’s 1884 novel The Shooting Party, Linda Darnell was valued for her beauty rather than her acting ability, but her role here as Olga, a peasant girl who ruins the lives of three men in her quest for wealth and social standing, relaunched her career.
- Shockproof (1949) While a film directed by Sirk and scripted by Sam Fuller (just before he kickstarted his own directing career with the same year’s I Shot Jesse James) should have critics cheering, Shockproof, though a superior noir with excellent performances, isn’t the masterpiece it should be.
- Overview
- Early life and work
- Hollywood films of the 1940s
- Films of the early to mid-1950s
- From All That Heaven Allows to Imitation of Life
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Douglas Sirk (born April 26, 1900, Hamburg, Germany—died January 14, 1987, Lugano, Switzerland) was a German-born American film director whose extremely popular melodramas offered cynical visions of American values. Though Sirk also directed comedies, westerns, and war films, he was most noted for his complicated family melodramas that showed frightful emotional warfare lurking beneath the facade of seemingly complacent bourgeois life in the United States in the 1950s.
(Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.)
Claus Detlef Sierck was born in Germany to Danish parents. His father, a newspaperman who later became a school principal, moved his family back to Denmark for some of Sierck’s early childhood, but they then returned to Hamburg. Sierck attended the Universities of Munich, Jena, and Hamburg, studying law initially and then philosophy and art history...
Warner Brothers contracted Sierck in 1939 to direct a remake of his German film Zu neuen Ufern (1937; To New Shores), and soon he was headed to the United States; however, when the production was canceled, Warners dropped him. After more unrealized Hollywood projects followed, Sierk took up farming in California.
By 1942 he was working as Douglas Sirk; that year he took a job with Columbia as a writer but soon aligned himself with a group of German émigrés to make two independent productions. The first was Hitler’s Madman (1943), an effective low-budget thriller about Gestapo commander Reinhard Heydrich (played by John Carradine) that was distributed by Metro Goldwyn Mayer; the second, Summer Storm (1944), was a sensitive adaptation of Anton Chekhov’s only full-length novel, The Shooting Party, with George Sanders and Linda Darnell. A Scandal in Paris (1946; also known as Thieves’ Holiday) came next. That breezy depiction of the life of French adventurer and detective François Vidocq starred Sanders, who portrayed its subject as a con man. Sirk followed it with Lured (1947), a thriller in which Sanders menaced Lucille Ball.
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When his contract with Columbia ended, Sirk returned briefly to Germany. By 1950 he was back in the United States, where he produced and directed The First Legion (1951), starring Charles Boyer, before signing with Universal, for which he continued to make films until he retired nearly a decade later. His first efforts for the studio, however, gave little indication of the blockbusters to come: from Mystery Submarine (1950), a tale of a submarine commander who kidnaps a German scientist, to the musical comedy Take Me to Town (1953) and everything in between, those films are little remembered. All I Desire (1953), another period piece, starring Richard Carlson and Barbara Stanwyck, left more of an impression as Sirk presented the melodramatic elements of the story with a conviction and flourish uncommon to the genre. Taza, Son of Cochise (1954), released in 3-D before being issued in the standard format, was a nominal sequel to Universal’s 1952 The Battle at Apache Pass.
Sirk’s next project, Magnificent Obsession (1954), is among the clutch of films on which his reputation as a first-rate filmmaker rests. Jane Wyman portrayed a wealthy woman who is blinded in a car accident while trying to avoid a dissolute playboy (Rock Hudson) who was indirectly responsible for her physician husband’s death. After a moral transformation, the playboy attends medical school to learn how to restore her vision. That richly emotional story provided Sirk with a broad canvas on which to realize his stylish Technicolor vision of superheated melodrama. A remake of the fine John Stahl-directed version of the story from 1935, Magnificent Obsession not only transformed Sirk into a bankable director but also earned an Academy Award nomination (best actress) for Wyman and made Hudson a star. Critics would later praise that film and Sirk’s subsequent canonical melodramas for their ironic self-reflexive visual style and mise-en-scène (shot composition), which, by garishly highlighting material possessions, emphasized the hollowness of the American obsession with consumerism during the 1950s.
With the glossy All That Heaven Allows (1955), Sirk again found plenty of room for his carefully heightened embellishments, creating another work that was hugely popular with contemporary audiences. It later would be championed by a wide range of critics, as would Written on the Wind (1956), which followed There’s Always Tomorrow (1955). A sweeping melodrama with a stellar cast (Hudson, Robert Stack, Lauren Bacall, and Dorothy Malone), Written on the Wind is arguably Sirk’s masterpiece. Malone won a best supporting actress Academy Award for her performance as a sexually uninhibited woman who hates her wealthy family, and Stack (as her playboy brother) was nominated for best supporting actor.
Less lauded were Battle Hymn (1957), another vehicle for Hudson, which cast him as a minister training fighter pilots in Korea during the Korean War, and Interlude (1957), an assured if unremarkable remake of Stahl’s soap operaish When Tomorrow Comes (1939). With The Tarnished Angels (1958)—an adaptation of William Faulkner’s novel Pylon that reteamed Sirk with Hudson, Malone, and Stack in a story about barnstorming pilots—Sirk again proved his mastery of grandly dramatic melodrama.
A Time to Love and a Time to Die (1958), a World War II love story based on Erich Maria Remarque’s novel of the same name, followed but caused nowhere near the stir brought about by Imitation of Life (1959), the last of Sirk’s expressionist tours de force, which was based on a novel by Fannie Hurst that had been filmed earlier (1934) by Stahl. Sirk’s version starred Lana Turner as an actress and uninterested mother whose daughter (Sandra Dee) is virtually raised by their African American housekeeper (Juanita Moore), who is greatly distressed by the efforts of her own light-complected daughter (Susan Kohner) to “pass as white.” Both Moore and Kohner received Academy Award nominations for best supporting actress, and the film was one of the year’s biggest commercial hits.
After a film project based on the life of painter Maurice Utrillo fell through when Sirk became ill, the director retired in 1959. He left Hollywood and made Switzerland his primary place of residence. During the 1960s he again became active in the German theatre, and from the mid- to late 1970s he taught at the Munich Academy of Film and Television. Although both Nicholas Ray and Vincent Minnelli have their advocates, most critics continue to acknowledge Sirk as the supreme master of the 1950s melodrama.
Learn about Douglas Sirk, a German-born American film director who made popular melodramas that exposed the hypocrisy of American values. Explore his early life, career, and legacy in this comprehensive article from Britannica.
- Michael Barson
Mar 16, 2024 · A list of the top films by the German-born director of melodramas, such as All That Heaven Allows and Written on the Wind. Learn about Sirk's themes, style, and influences, and watch trailers and clips of his movies.
- Author
If Douglas Sirk and Milton Walked Into a Bar and Started Trading Yarns. The poet John Milton and the filmmaker Douglas Sirk are the main sources of inspiration for the latest act of cultural ...
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Apr 5, 2017 · Learn how the European filmmaker subverted the Hollywood system with his Technicolor dramas in the 1950s. Explore the themes, styles, and subtexts of his films, such as Magnificent Obsession, All That Heaven Allows, and Imitation of Life.
