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   • Functional Programming Paradigm

     Introduction  Functional programming is a programming paradigm in which we try to bind everything in pure mathematical functions style. It is a declarative type of programming style. Its main focus is on “what to solve” in contrast to an imperative style where the main focus is “how to solve”. It uses expressions instead of statements. An expression is evaluated to produce a value whereas a statement is executed to assign variables. Those functions have some special features discussed below. 

     Functional Programming is based on Lambda Calculus:  Lambda calculus is a framework developed by Alonzo Church to study computations with functions. It can be called as the smallest programming language in the world. It gives the definition of what is computable. Anything that can be computed by lambda calculus is computable. It is equivalent to Turing machine in its ability to compute. It provides a theoretical framework for describing functions and their evaluation. It forms the basis of almost all current functional programming languages.  Fact: Alan Turing was a student of Alonzo Church who created Turing machine which laid the foundation of imperative programming style. 

     Programming Languages that...

     • Pure functions
     • Recursion
     • Referential transparency
     • Functions are First-Class and can be Higher-Order
     • Variables are Immutable
     • Pure functions are easier to understand because they don’t change any states and depend only on the input given to them. Whatever output they produce is the return value they give. Their function signature gives all the information about them i.e. their return type and their arguments.
     • The ability of functional programming languages to treat functions as values and pass them to functions as parameters make the code more readable and easily understandable.
     • Testing and debugging is easier. Since pure functions take only arguments and produce output, they don’t produce any changes don’t take input or produce some hidden output. They use immutable values, so it becomes easier to check some problems in programs written uses pure functions.
     • It is used to implement concurrency/parallelism because pure functions don’t change variables or any other data outside of it.
     • It adopts lazy evaluation which avoids repeated evaluation because the value is evaluated and stored only when it is needed.
     • Sometimes writing pure functions can reduce the readability of code.
     • Writing programs in recursive style instead of using loops can be bit intimidating.
     • Writing pure functions are easy but combining them with the rest of the application and I/O operations is a difficult task.
     • Immutable values and recursion can lead to decrease in performance.
     • It is used in mathematical computations.
     • It is needed where concurrency or parallelism is required.

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   • Functional Programming Paradigm

     Introduction  Functional programming is a programming paradigm in which we try to bind everything in pure mathematical functions style. It is a declarative type of programming style. Its main focus is on “what to solve” in contrast to an imperative style where the main focus is “how to solve”. It uses expressions instead of statements. An expression is evaluated to produce a value whereas a statement is executed to assign variables. Those functions have some special features discussed below. 

     Functional Programming is based on Lambda Calculus:  Lambda calculus is a framework developed by Alonzo Church to study computations with functions. It can be called as the smallest programming language in the world. It gives the definition of what is computable. Anything that can be computed by lambda calculus is computable. It is equivalent to Turing machine in its ability to compute. It provides a theoretical framework for describing functions and their evaluation. It forms the basis of almost all current functional programming languages.  Fact: Alan Turing was a student of Alonzo Church who created Turing machine which laid the foundation of imperative programming style. 

     Programming Languages...

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   • Vulnerability in the functional programming paradigm?

     Top Answer

     Answered Jan 31, 2009 · 15 votes

     If the programmer doesn't anticipate that [some input] could cause [program] to consume more-than-available resources, that's a vulnerability in the form of a possible DoS. This is a weakness of all Turing-complete languages I've seen, but Haskell's laziness makes it harder to reason about what a computation involves.

     As a (rather contrived) example,

     import Control.Monad (when)import System (getArgs)main = do files <- getArgs contents <- mapM readFile files flip mapM_ (zip files contents) $ \(file, content) -> when (null content) $ putStrLn $ file ++ " is empty"

     The naïve programmer may think, "Haskell is lazy, so it won't open and read the files until it needs to", and "Haskell is garbage collected, so once it's done with a file, it can close the file handle". Unfortunately, this program actually will just open lots of files all at once (implementation-specific), and only the empty files will get their filehandles closed (side-effect of implementation's liveliness rules):

     You might not be expecting a -EMFILE "Too many open files" error to ever occur.

     Like I said, this is a contrived example, and can happen in other languages too, but it's just easier to miss certain resource usages in Haskell.

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   • Event-Driven Programming Paradigm in Logic Programing

     Top Answer

     Answered Jun 07, 2021 · 1 votes

     Event-driven programming should be similar to how it is done in other languages, you would set up some framework to generate the events and you would call a goal to handle the event, possibly using the system's multithreading facilities (which leads to interesting aspects of transactions on the Prolog database, global vs. thread-local storage etc.)

     Paulo Moura would certainly provide this link to the Logtalk Manual:

     • Event-driven programming

     Also this paper comes to mind:

     • How agents do it in stream logic programming - Matthew M. Huntbach , Nick R. Jennings , Graem A. Ringwood (1995).

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   • Also try

     programming paradigm definition	functional programming paradigm
     programming paradigm meaning	imperative programming paradigm
     object-oriented programming paradigm	logical programming paradigm
     procedural programming paradigm	event driven programming paradigm

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2. People also ask

   What is a programming paradigm?

   • A programming paradigm is a relatively high-level way to structure and conceptualize the implementation of a computer program. A programming language can be classified as supporting one or more paradigms. Paradigms are separated along and described by different dimensions of programming.

   Programming paradigm - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm

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   What is imperative programming paradigm?

   • 1. Imperative programming paradigm: It is one of the oldest programming paradigm. It features close relation to machine architecture. It is based on Von Neumann architecture. It works by changing the program state through assignment statements. It performs step by step task by changing state. The main focus is on how to achieve the goal.

   Introduction of Programming Paradigms - GeeksforGeeks

   www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-programming-paradigms/

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   Do all programming languages follow a specific programming paradigm?

   • Every programming language follows a particular programming paradigm. Some adhere to a specific programming paradigm while others are “multi-paradigm” languages, meaning that they allow the implementation of more than one programming paradigm.

   Major Programming Paradigms Explained (with Examples)

   technipodia.com/programming-paradigms-explained/

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   Which programming paradigm is most commonly used?

   • The most widely used programming paradigms are object-oriented and procedural programming. Both use the imperative style of programming. Languages using the imperative style of programming tend to dominate because this is how programming was done in the early days and it is how many people learned how to program.

   Major Programming Paradigms Explained (with Examples)

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3. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Programming_paradigmProgramming paradigm - Wikipedia

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   A programming paradigm is a relatively high-level way to structure and conceptualize the implementation of a computer program. A programming language can be classified as supporting one or more paradigms. Paradigms are separated along and described by different dimensions of programming.

4. www.freecodecamp.org › news › an-introduction-toProgramming Paradigms – Paradigm Examples for Beginners

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   May 2, 2022 · Learn what programming paradigms are and how they affect the way you write code. Explore the characteristics and benefits of imperative, procedural, functional, and declarative paradigms with examples.

5. www.geeksforgeeks.org › introduction-ofIntroduction of Programming Paradigms - GeeksforGeeks

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   Apr 21, 2024 · Learn what programming paradigms are and how they influence the way we solve problems with different languages and tools. Explore the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of imperative, functional and database programming paradigms with examples.

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7. www.freecodecamp.org › news › what-exactly-is-aWhat exactly is a programming paradigm? - freeCodeCamp.org

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   Nov 12, 2019 · Learn what programming paradigms are and how they help reduce complexity in coding. Compare and contrast imperative, procedural, and object-oriented paradigms with examples in C and Java.

8. www.codecademy.com › general › programming-paradigmsGeneral | Programming Paradigms | Codecademy

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   Oct 14, 2022 · Learn about different programming paradigms, such as encapsulation, functional, inheritance, and object-oriented. See examples of how to use them in Python and Java.

9. technipodia.com › programming-paradigms-explainedMajor Programming Paradigms Explained (with Examples)

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   Oct 20, 2022 · Learn the definition, importance, and types of programming paradigms, such as imperative, declarative, functional, and logic. See examples of languages that use different paradigms and their pros and cons.

10. www.datacamp.com › courses › introduction-toIntroduction to Programming Paradigms | Learn the Basics of ...

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    Learn the basics of different programming styles, such as procedural, functional, and object-oriented programming, and how to apply them in Python. Explore real-world use cases, common coding patterns, and exercises for each paradigm.