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their criminal justice systems were operated by administrative officials. With the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, a new political era was born in China's 5,000 year history. When the Communist Party came into power for the first time in China, one of its first priorities was to
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Mühlhahn reveals the broad contours of criminal justice from late imperial China to the Deng reform era and details the underlying values, successes and failures, and ultimate human costs of the system.
China enacted a new criminal code in 1997 in an effort to bring its criminal justice system in line with international norms. The code codified rights of the accused and protections for suspects, defendants, and victims.
The penal system in China is composed of an administrative detention system and a judicial incarceration system. As of 2020, it is estimated that 1.7 million people had been incarcerated in China, which is the second-highest prison population after the United States.
For an overview of China's criminal justice system before the Cultural Revolution, see Jerome A. Cohen, The Criminal Process in the People's Republic of China, 1949-1963: An Introduction (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA: 1968).
Nov 1, 2009 · But certain criminal justice practices survived each wave of reform, including retroactive laws, punishments that differ depending on the societal status of the offender, the criminalization of political opposition, and the sentencing of convicts to hard labor.
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