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May 26, 2010 · In September 1854, central London suffered an outbreak of cholera. 1 To stop that outbreak, Dr. John Snow made a map. By seeing, visually, where the cholera deaths were clustered, Snow showed that the water from a pump on Broad Street was to blame.
John Snow's map is a famous example of early data visualization.It displayed the locations of cholera cases in London in 1854 using dots.Each dot represented a cholera death, and their placement helped identify a pattern.Snow used this map to identify a cluster of cases near a water pump on Broad Street.He concluded that contaminated water from the pump was the source of the outbreak.This ...
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- Kernel Density Estimation
- Network-Based Scan Statistics
- Data
- Historical Data
- Preparation of The Database
- Streets
- Population
- Cholera Deaths
- Limitations
KDE is a density estimation method that uses known recorded values to produce a density surface across the study area. In its simplest form, a circular kernel is formed around each generator point (e.g. locations of victims) with a predefined bandwidth as their radius. The density surface is produced by assigning each location within the study area...
NetScan allows us to identify clusters of events at the micro-scale level of street address. While NetScan is a search-window-type technique similar to the conventional Scan Statistics , it uses a sub-network that flexibly adapts to the configuration of the street network, rather than a circular search window, to sweep across the study area for de...
Despite its popularity, no prior study has investigated the mortality rates or the space-time pattern of the outbreak in Snow’s map. This is mainly because no single dataset was available for the purpose of these analyses. This study consults a series of historical documents as listed below; they include Snow’s own data and reports [2, 14] as well ...
The maps and reports listed below were obtained from the online John Snow Archive & Research Companion and the Wellcome Trust Library. The Weekly Returns of Deaths were retrieved from the National Archives and Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO), part of the National Archives of the United Kingdom. Most of these documents were scanned images of...
In order to carry out the study, the following datasets were constructed from the historical documents.
The Frontage map was used as a base map and was geo-referenced in a shapefile, as it offers a clear picture of the streets, buildings and street address numbers. A total of 132 streets (and three unnamed short alleys) were found within the extent covered by the Frontage map, which were digitised as 327 street segments, as some streets consisted of ...
The house-to-house visitations record showed the number of residents at each street address at the time of the cholera outbreak in August/September 1854. However, they covered only 343 addresses (7 % of the 2,385 addresses), accounting for a population of 4,906. Therefore, the number of residents at the remaining addresses was estimated through a c...
Information on the cholera victims were mainly extracted from the Weekly Returns and the Appendix to the Weekly Return as well as Snow’s reports [2, 14] which were based on the Weekly Returns. Of the 578 records of death on Snow’s map, 509 cases (88 %) were matched to an entry in the Appendix or Weekly Returns. Among these 509 cases, 409 locations ...
It should be noted that, while this dataset was collected and processed to the best of our knowledge, it may be prone to some error, such as misrepresentation of point locations, omission of a point location, or incorrect date entry. Where possible, the data were cross referenced between multiple sources listed herewith, and the margin of error, if...
John Snow's Cholera Map. Lesson Overview. Dr. John Snow is regarded as one of the founding fathers of modern epidemiology. During a major cholera epidemic in 1854 London, he collected and mapped data on the locations (street addresses) where cholera deaths occurred. His process was laborious and slow, but ultimately informative.
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Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854, drawn and lithographed by Charles Cheffins. Snow later used a dot map to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the pump.
Sep 20, 2022 · This research was done to understand the details behind John Snow's map, and how he was able to track Cholera deaths in 1854. This research includes data such as trade area locations, the density of cholera deaths, and the mean center to understand general trends.
Apr 4, 2013 · This Review provides abstracts from a meeting held at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, on April 11–12, 2013, to celebrate the legacy of John Snow. They describe conventional and unconventional applications of epidemiological methods to problems ranging from diarrhoeal disease, mental health, cancer, and accident care, to ...
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