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1. Top results related to osi model in computer network gfg

   • OSI Model Full Form in Computer Networking

     Introduction :

     The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that defines how computers communicate with each other over a network. It consists of seven layers, each with its own specific function and set of protocols.

     Starting from the bottom, the first layer is the physical layer, which deals with the physical aspects of transmitting data such as cables, connectors, and signaling. The second layer is the data link layer, which is responsible for establishing and maintaining communication between two devices on the same network.

     The third layer is the network layer, which handles the routing of data between networks. The fourth layer is the transport layer, which ensures reliable transmission of data between two devices.

     The fifth layer is the session layer, which establishes and manages sessions between applications. The sixth layer is the presentation layer, which deals with the syntax and semantics of the data being transmitted.

     Finally, the seventh layer is the application layer, which provides services to applications for network communication.

     The OSI model is important because it helps network designers and administrators understand how different protocols and technologies work together...

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   • Network Layer in OSI Model

     OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It was developed by the ISO – ‘International Organization for Standardization‘, in the year 1984. It is a 7-layer architecture with each layer having specific functionality to perform. All these 7 layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from one person to another across the globe.

     What is a Network Layer?

     The Network Layer is the 5th Layer from the top and the 3rd layer from the Bottom of the OSI Model. It is one of the most important layers which plays a key role in data transmission. The main job of this layer is to maintain the quality of the data and pass and transmit it from its source to its destination. It also handles routing, which means that it chooses the best path to transmit the data from the source to its destination, not just transmitting the packet. There are several important protocols that work in this layer.

     <img alt="Layers of OSI Model">

     Data is transmitted in the form of packets via various logical network pathways between various devices. In the seven-layer open system interconnection paradigm, the network layer is the third layer. It...

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   • Network Model in DBMS

     Network Model : This model was formalized by the Database Task group in the 1960s. This model is the generalization of the hierarchical model. This model can consist of multiple parent segments and these segments are grouped as levels but there exists a logical association between the segments belonging to any level. Mostly, there exists a many-to-many logical association between any of the two segments. We called graphs the logical associations between the segments. Therefore, this model replaces the hierarchical tree with a graph-like structure, and with that, there can more general connections among different nodes. It can have M: N relations i.e, many-to-many which allows a record to have more than one parent segment. Here, a relationship is called a set, and each set is made up of at least 2 types of record which are given below:

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   • In which layer is HTTP in the OSI model?

     Top Answer

     Answered Oct 07, 2021 · 71 votes

     In which layer is HTTP in the OSI model?

     It's in the application layer. See the following quotes from the RFC 7230, one of the documents that currently defines the HTTP/1.1 protocol:

     The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level request/response protocol that uses extensible semantics and self-descriptive message payloads for flexible interaction with network-based hypertext information systems.

     HTTP is a stateless request/response protocol that operates by exchanging messages across a reliable transport- or session-layer "connection".

     Also some said that HTTP has no concept of session. Does it mean that HTTP can't be in the session layer?

     As previously mentioned in the quotes from the RFC 7230, the HTTP protocol is stateless, where each request from client to server (should) contain all of the information necessary to understand the request, without taking advantage of any stored context on the server.

     The RFC 6265 defines some mechanisms for state management in HTTP, such as cookies, allowing session management on server side (but it doesn't make HTTP stateful in any ways).

     The concept of session in HTTP is different from the concept of session in the OSI model. Anyways, HTTP is an application layer protocol.

     The OSI model

     The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual model created by the International Organization for Standardization which enables diverse communication systems to communicate using standard protocols.

     It provides a standard for different computer systems to be able to communicate with each other and can be seen as a universal language for computer networking. It’s based on the concept of splitting up a communication system into seven abstract layers, each one stacked upon the last.

     The following picture borrowed from Cloudflare illustrates pretty well what the OSI model is like:

     The application layer is the only layer that directly interacts with data from the user. So software applications like web browsers and email clients rely on the application layer to initiate communications.

     But it should be made clear that client software applications are not part of the application layer: rather the application layer is responsible for the protocols (such as HTTP and SMTP) and data manipulation that the software relies on to present meaningful data to the user.

     The OSI model vs the TCP/IP model

     While the OSI model is comprehensive reference framework for general networking systems, it's important to mention that the modern Internet doesn’t strictly follow the OSI model.

     The modern Internet more closely follows the simpler Internet protocol suite, which is commonly known as TCP/IP because the foundational protocols in the suite are the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and the IP (Internet Protocol).

     The following image illustrates how the OSI and TCP/IP models relate to each other:

     Update: This section has been added to address the bounty started by noɥʇʎԀʎzɐɹƆ, who requested to update this answer with HTTP/2 details.

     Despite the quotes of the document that defines the HTTP/1.1 protocol, all of the above also applies to HTTP/2. Refer to the following quote from the RFC 7540, the document that defines the HTTP/2 protocol:

     An HTTP/2 connection is an application-layer protocol running on top of a TCP connection. The client is the TCP connection initiator.

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   • OSI model - What's the presentation and session layer for?

     Top Answer

     Answered Sep 30, 2008 · 18 votes

     The session layer is meant to store states between two connections, like what we use cookies for when working with web programming.

     The presentation layer is meant to convert between different formats. This was simpler when the only format that was worried about was character encoding, ie ASCII and EBCDIC. When you consider all of the different formats that we have today(Quicktime, Flash, Pdf) centralizing this layer is out of the question.

     TCP/IP doesn't make any allocation to these layers, since they are really out of the scope of a networking protocol. It's up to the applications that take advantage of the stack to implement these.

     Other Answers

     Answered Sep 30, 2008 · 8 votes

     The reasons there aren't any examples on wikipedia is that there aren't a whole lot of examples of the OSI network model, period.

     OSI has once again created a standard nobody uses, so nobody really know how one should use it.

     Other Answers

     Answered Sep 30, 2008 · 6 votes

     Layers 5-6 are not commonly used in today's web applications, so you don't hear much about them. The TCP/IP stack is slightly different than a pure OSI Model.

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2. www.geeksforgeeks.org › open-systemsWhat is OSI Model | 7 Layers Explained - GeeksforGeeks

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   Jun 18, 2024 · The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes seven layers that computer systems use to communicate over a network. It was the first standard model for network communications, adopted by all major computer and telecommunication companies in the early 1980s.

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3. www.geeksforgeeks.org › osi-model-full-form-inOSI Model Full Form in Computer Networking - GeeksforGeeks

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   • Video Duration: 28 min

   • Layers of OSI Model. OSI model has seven layers which are as follows: The Physical Layer. The Data Link Layer. The Network Layer. The Transport Layer. The Session Layer.
   • Functions of OSI model: Functions of OSI. To learn more about layers, visit Layers of OSI Model.
   • Characteristics: It is the conceptual model that enables the diverse communication systems to communicate using the network. It was developed by the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) in 1984.
   • Uses of the OSI model: Here are some of the key uses of the OSI model: Facilitates Communication: The OSI model defines a clear and standardized set of protocols for communication between different devices on a network.

4. www.geeksforgeeks.org › network-layer-in-osi-modelNetwork Layer in OSI Model - GeeksforGeeks

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   • Assigning Logical Address. Network layer is solely responsible for assigning logical addresses to devices which are either sending or receiving data packets.
   • Routing. Routing is the process of identifying the best path to transmit the packets, Network Layer not only just sends packets from sender to receiver, but also determines the best route to send them.
   • Host-to-Host delivery. Host-to-Host delivery also known as Forwarding is the process in which the network layer transmits or forwards the data packets via routers, after determining the best path/route.
   • Logical Subnetting. Network Layer also allows a bigger network to be divided into smaller chunks of network known as Logical Subnetting. It helps the IP addresses to be used more efficiently and less amount of IP address will be wasted.

5. www.freecodecamp.org › news › osi-model-networkingThe OSI Model – The 7 Layers of Networking Explained in Plain ...

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   • Layer 1 is the physical layer. There’s a lot of technology in Layer 1 - everything from physical network devices, cabling, to how the cables hook up to the devices.
   • Layer 2 is the data link layer. Layer 2 defines how data is formatted for transmission, how much data can flow between nodes, for how long, and what to do when errors are detected in this flow.
   • Layer 3 is the network layer. This is where we send information between and across networks through the use of routers. Instead of just node-to-node communication, we can now do network-to-network communication.
   • Layer 4 is the transport layer. This where we dive into the nitty gritty specifics of the connection between two nodes and how information is transmitted between them.

6. www.freecodecamp.org › news › osi-model-computerWhat is the OSI Model? Computer Networking for Beginners

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   Oct 4, 2021 · The Open Systems Interconnection or OSI model is essentially a reference system that lays out how computers communicate with each other over a network. It was created in 1983 by representatives of telecom companies and officially standardized in 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

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7. www.codecademy.com › article › osi-modelThe OSI Model | Codecademy

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   In 1984, the open systems interconnection (OSI) model was published as a framework for network communication. The model breaks down computer network communication into seven layers. All of the layers work together to create a digital message. The message is built as it moves down the protocol stack.

8. People also ask

   How many layers of OSI model are there?

   • It is divided into seven layers that work together to carry out specialised network functions, allowing for a more systematic approach to networking. When we transfer information from one device to another, it travels through 7 layers of OSI model.

   What is OSI Model | 7 Layers Explained - GeeksforGeeks

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   What is network layer in OSI model?

   • The Network Layer is the 5th Layer from the top and the 3rd layer from the Bottom of the OSI Model. It is one of the most important layers which plays a key role in data transmission. The main job of this layer is to maintain the quality of the data and pass and transmit it from its source to its destination.

   Network Layer in OSI Model - GeeksforGeeks

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   What is OSI in networking?

   • OSI is an abstract model that doesn't directly map to the specific networking implementations commonly used today. As an example, the TCP/IP protocol works on its own simpler system of four layers: Network Access, Internet, Transport, and Application.

   The 7 OSI Networking Layers Explained - How-To Geek

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   How does data flow through the OSI model?

   • Data flows through the OSI model in a step-by-step process: Application Layer: Applications create the data. Presentation Layer: Data is formatted and encrypted. Session Layer: Connections are established and managed. Transport Layer: Data is broken into segments for reliable delivery. Network Layer: Segments are packaged into packets and routed.

   What is OSI Model | 7 Layers Explained - GeeksforGeeks

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9. www.howtogeek.com › devops › the-7-osi-networkingThe 7 OSI Networking Layers Explained - How-To Geek

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   Sep 27, 2022 · The model is an ISO standard which identifies seven fundamental networking layers, from the physical hardware up to high-level software applications. Each layer in the model handles a specific networking function. The standard helps administrators to visualize networks, isolate problems, and understand the use cases for new technologies.