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Aug 7, 2023 · Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an acute-onset illness characterized by fever, hypotension, sunburn-like rash, and end-organ damage. TSS was classically associated with high absorbency tampon use in menstruating women until eventually, these were taken off the market.
- Toxic Shock Syndrome and Tampons: The Birth of a Movement and ...
Published online: July 25, 2020. Reame reflects on her role...
- Toxic Shock Syndrome: A Literature Review - PMC
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare, life-threatening,...
- Toxic Shock Syndrome - PubMed
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an acute-onset illness...
- Toxic Shock Syndrome and Tampons: The Birth of a Movement and ...
Jul 25, 2020 · Published online: July 25, 2020. Reame reflects on her role as an early researcher on tampon safety and assesses the climate of vigilance today, demonstrating that 30 years after the discovery of the link between tampons and toxic shock syndrome, efforts to improve tampon safety protections have languished.
- Nancy King Reame
- 2020/07/25
- 10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_51
Jan 18, 2024 · Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare, life-threatening, toxin-mediated infectious process that leads to rapid and severe shock, multiple organ failure syndrome, and death. Its occurrence is linked to the toxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus (GAS)) in a vast majority of cases [ 1 ].
- 10.3390/antibiotics13010096
- 2024/01
- Antibiotics (Basel). 2024 Jan; 13(1): 96.
- Pathophysiology
- Staphylococcal Toxic Shock vs. Streptococcal Toxic Shock
- Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Recurrent Episodes of Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Primary Focus of Infection
- Systemic Features from Toxin Production
- Acute Kidney Injury
- Coagulation Studies
- Creatinine Kinase
Some Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species secrete superantigensthat causes widespread activation of T-lymphocytes (figure above). This triggers a cascade of inflammatory cytokines (similar to s...Most people acquire antibodies that neutralize these toxins. A minority of people lack these antibodies, rendering them vulnerable to toxic shock syndrome.Streptococcal toxic shock is much more common, potentially affecting patients of all ages.Staphylococcal toxic shock is less common, affecting mostly younger patients. It often occurs due to mucosal colonization, without invasive infection. This may result from methicillin-sensitive Sta...The prevalence has increased over the last few decades, due to shifts in the circulating strains of group A streptococcus.(23830657)Streptococcal toxic shock always occurs in combination with invasive streptococcal infection. It occurs in ~20% of invasive streptococcal infections due to groups A, C, or G streptococcus.The most common focus of infection is soft tissue (e.g., cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, myositis, pharyngitis, skin abscess, surgical wound infection).Toxic shock may result from any invasive infection, for example:This occurs mostly in younger patients (e.g., below ~40 years old). Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome often results from colonization, without invasive infection.
This may occur in individuals who lack neutralizing antibodies.Common examples:In staphylococcal toxic shock, the focus of infection is often clinically silent (e.g., colonized tampon or nasal packing) or unimpressive (e.g., surgical site infection, skin abscess). Staphylococ...In streptococcal toxic shock, most patients will have an evident focus of infection (often cellulitis or necrotizing fasciitis).A red flag suggesting toxic shock is a patient with an unimpressive focus of infection (e.g., a small patch of cellulitis) who is in septic shock. Most patients should not develop septic shock due...(1) “Flu-like syndrome” (~25% of patients)(2) Skin findings (~10% of patients)(3) Multisystem organ failureAcute kidney injury often is the first sign of organ injury. This frequently occurs at an earlier stage than in most types of septic shock, typically preceding hypotension. Consequently, patients m...Urine sediment may show pyuria, in the absence of urinary tract infection.Thrombocytopeniais characteristic. However, this is often a later and ominous sign.Full-blown disseminated intravascular coagulation may be seen late in the course of illness.Creatinine kinase more than twice normal is a component of some definitions of toxic shock syndrome. Profound cytokine elevation may cause release of creatinine kinase from muscle tissue. However,...
Jun 1, 2022 · Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an acute illness characterized by high fever, hypotension, diffuse rash, and severe multi-organ dysfunction. The mechanism of the shock is toxin-mediated, associated most commonly with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes infections.
Toxic Shock: A Social History is a multifaceted exploration of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and its relationship to tampon technology. The politics of this illness, the legacy of tampon labeling, and how to warn women about the risk of TSS have ramifications for all contemporary tampon users.
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Aug 7, 2023 · Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an acute-onset illness characterized by fever, hypotension, sunburn-like rash, and end-organ damage. TSS was classically associated with high absorbency tampon use in menstruating women until eventually, these were taken off the market.
