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Bibliographie. Voir aussi. Ordre cistercien. Vous lisez un « article de qualité » labellisé en 2008. Pour les articles homonymes, voir SOC . L' ordre cistercien (en latin : ordo cisterciensis) est un ordre monastique de droit pontifical .
The Cistercians are a Catholic religious order of enclosed monks and nuns formed in 1098, originating from Cîteaux Abbey. Their monasteries spread throughout Europe during the Middle Ages, but many were closed during the Protestant Reformation, the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII, the French Revolution, and the revolutions ...
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- History
- Influence
- Present Day
- Non-Catholic Cistercians
- See Also
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Foundation
In 1098, a Benedictine abbot, Robert of Molesme, left Molesme Abbey in Burgundy with around 20 supporters, who felt that the Cluniac communities had abandoned the rigours and simplicity of the Rule of St. Benedict. Chief among Robert's followers included Alberic, a former hermit from the nearby forest of Colan, and Stephen Harding, a member of an Anglo-Saxon noble family which had been ruined as a result of the Norman conquest of England. Stephen had also experienced the monastic traditions o...
Protestant Reformation
During the English Reformation, Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries saw the confiscation of church land throughout the country, which was disastrous for the Cistercians in England. Laskill, an outstation of Rievaulx Abbey and the only medieval blast furnace so far identified in Great Britain, was one of the most efficient blast furnaces of its time. Slag from contemporary furnaces contained a substantial concentration of iron, whereas the slag of Laskill was low in iron content, and i...
After the Reformation
In the 16th century had arisen the reformed Congregation of the Feuillants, which spread widely in France and Italy, in the latter country under the name of Improved Bernardines. The French congregation of Sept-Fontaines (1654) also deserves mention. In 1663 de Rancé reformed La Trappe (see Trappists). In the 17th century another great effort at a general reform was made, promoted by the pope and the king of France; the general chapter elected Richelieu(commendatory) abbot of Cîteaux, thinkin...
Architecture
Cistercian architecture has made an important contribution to European civilisation. Architecturally speaking, the Cistercian monasteries and churches, owing to their pure style, may be counted among the most beautiful relics of the Middle Ages. Cistercian foundations were primarily constructed in Romanesque and Gothic architecture during the Middle Ages; although later abbeys were also constructed in Renaissance and Baroque.[citation needed]
Art
The mother house of the order, Cîteaux, had developed the most advanced style of painting in France, at least in illuminated manuscripts, during the first decades of the 12th century, playing an important part in the development of the image of the Tree of Jesse. However, as Bernard of Clairvaux, who had a personal violent hostility to imagery, increased in influence in the order, painting and decoration gradually diminished in Cistercian manuscripts, and they were finally banned altogether i...
Commercial enterprise and technological diffusion
According to one modern Cistercian, "enterprise and entrepreneurial spirit" have always been a part of the order's identity, and the Cistercians "were catalysts for development of a market economy" in 12th-century Europe. It was as agriculturists and horse and cattle breeders that the Cistercians exercised their chief influence on the progress of civilisation in the Middle Ages. As the great farmers of those days, many of the improvements in the various farming operations were introduced and...
Abbots General
Before the French Revolution the Abbot of Citeaux was automatically supreme head of the order. The first abbot was Robert de Molesme and others included Gilbert le Grand and Souchier. Later the order was made subject to commendatory abbots, non-monks, who included Cardinal Giovanni Maria Gabrielli, O. Cist., Richelieu. 1. 63. 1814–1820: Raimondo Giovannini 2. 64. 1820–1825: Sisto Benigni 3. 65. 1825–1826: Giuseppe Fontana 4. 66. 1826–1830: Vescelaso Vasini 5. 67. 1830–1845: Sixtus Benigni 6....
Monastic life
At the time of monastic profession, five or six years after entering the monastery, candidates promise "conversion" – fidelity to monastic life, which includes an atmosphere of silence. Cistercian monks and nuns have a reputation of being silent, which has led to the public idea that they take a vow of silence. This has actually never been the case, although silence is an implicit part of an outlook shared by Cistercian and Benedictine monasteries.In a Cistercian monastery, there are three re...
Cistercian nuns
There are a large number of Cistercian nuns; the first community was founded in the Diocese of Langres in 1125; at the period of their widest extension there are said to have been 900 monasteries, and the communities were very large. In addition to being devoted to contemplation, the nuns in earlier times of the Order did agricultural work in the fields. In Spain and France a number of Cistercian abbesses had extraordinary privileges. Numerous reforms took place among the nuns. One of the bes...
Since 2010 there is also a branch of Anglican Cistercians in England, and in Wales since 2017. This is a dispersed and uncloistered order of single, celibate, and married men officially recognized by the Church of England. The Order enjoys an ecumenical link with the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance.[citation needed] There are also Cis...
"Art and Architecture: Cistercian", The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages, 4 v. (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010) v. 1, pp. 157–158. [ISBN missing]Baury, Ghislain, "Emules puis sujettes de l'ordre cistercien. Les cisterciennes de Castille et d'ailleurs face au Chapitre Général aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles", Cîteaux: Commentarii cistercienses, t....Baury, Ghislain, Les religieuses de Castille. Patronage aristocratique et ordre cistercien, XIIe-XIIIe siècles, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2012.Bruun, Mette Birkedal, ed. (2013). The Cambridge Companion to the Cistercian Order. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-17184-7.Website on Cistercian Order, Architecture and History (Italian)Newadvent.org, Catholic EncyclopediaWikipédia est un projet d’encyclopédie collective en ligne, universelle, multilingue et fonctionnant sur le principe du wiki. Ce projet vise à offrir un contenu librement réutilisable, objectif et vérifiable, que chacun peut modifier et améliorer. Wikipédia est définie par des principes fondateurs.
The Cistercian Rite is the liturgical rite, distinct from the Roman Rite, specific to the Cistercian Order of the Catholic Church . Description. The Cistercian Rite is to be found in the liturgical books of this reformed branch of the Benedictines.
Le classicisme français est un mouvement culturel , esthétique et artistique , défini après coup par les critiques du XIX e siècle , qui se développe en France et exerce une influence notable en Europe à la limite des XVII e et XVIII e siècles, de 1660 à 1725 environ. Il se définit par un ensemble de valeurs et de critères qui dessinent un idéal s'incarnant dans l’« honnête ...
