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Module 6: Articulations – Anatomy 337 eReader. Learning Objectives: By the end of this module, students will be able to: Compare and contrast the axial and the appendicular regions. Describe how structure governs function with joints. Identify the different types of joints by structural and functional classifications.
- Patrick Hills-Meyer, Julie Stamm
- 2019
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Jan 8, 2024 · Articular (hyaline) Cartilage Components. Function. decreases friction and distributes loads. cartilage exhibits stress-shielding of the solid matrix components due to its high water content, the incompressibility of water, and the structural organization of the proteoglycan and collagen molecules. Composition.
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Part 1: Overview and Classification of Joints. The adult human body has 206 bones, and with the exception of the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints, or articulations, are the location where bones, or bone and cartilage, come together.
- Extracellular Matrix
- Non-collagenous Proteins
- Chondrocytes
The extracellular matrix is approximately 70–80% water and contains collagen, proteoglycans, and other glycoproteins . Generally, these components maintain the water within the extracellular matrix, which is permeable and porous . Cartilage is comprised of many types of collagen but primarily type II, which is responsible for approximately 60% of t...
3.2.1 Proteoglycan
Proteoglycans are 20–30% of the dry weight [5, 10, 11]. Proteoglycan are needed to function normally. It has numerous functions depending on its core proteins and glycosaminoglycan chains . Proteoglycan aggrecan, in the form of proteoglycan aggregates as hyaluronan and link protein, is responsible for its turgidity and osmotic properties . This will now provide flexibility and viscoelasticity to the musculoskeletal system . Aggrecan is the largest and produces multimolecular complex...
3.2.2 Glycosaminoglycans
These are carbohydrates with six major subunits in articular cartilage made from repeating disaccharide units. These major subunits are negatively charged, attracting water, calcium, and sodium but repel each other [5, 14, 15]. Their main function is to absorb water and maintain mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (9). The synthesis of GAGs needs glucose, which diffuses from synovial fluid into the chondrocyte through glucose transporters (GLUT) [12, 16].
3.2.3 Structural Proteins
These proteins include cartilage matrix protein (matrilin-1 and matrilin-3), cartilage oligomeric protein (thrombospondin-5), cartilage intermediate layer protein, fibronectin, and tenascin-C .
Chondrocytes are cells that produce and maintain extracellular matrix of cartilage. It occupies only 2% of the total volume of the articular cartilage [5, 17]. It resists very high compressive loads. They are responsible for the maintenance of cartilage homeostasis by producing growth factors, enzymes, and inflammatory mediators . Different pathway...
This section will examine the anatomy of selected synovial joints of the body. Anatomical names for most joints are derived from the names of the bones that articulate at that joint, although some joints, such as the elbow, hip, and knee joints are exceptions to this general naming scheme.
An articulation or joint is any interface between two bones. "Arthr-" is the common prefix or term relating to joints. *For example: Arthrology, Arthritis, Arthroscope, Arthropod ("jointed foot") Kinesiology: the study of motion at joints and the interrelationships of bones, muscles and joints. Classification of Joints. A) Structural Classes.
