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1. • • Although she received honorary doctorates later in her career, Calkins went through her career, technically, with no Ph.D.
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     This 'Brilliant' Pioneering Psychologist Never Got a Ph.D ...

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   Did Mary Whiton Calkins get a PhD?

   • Calkins then returned to Smith, getting her degree in Classics and Philosophy in 1885 (Johnson, 1999). Upon returning, went on to complete the requirements for a Ph.D. from Harvard University, but her degree was never awarded to her as the result of being a woman (Mary Whiton Calkins, n.d.).

   Mary Whiton Calkins – Open History of Psychology: The Lives and

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   Who was Mary Whiton Calkins?

   • She was considered by many to be extremely hard-working; Münsterberg claimed that “she was the strongest student in his laboratory since he had arrived at Harvard” (Mary Whiton Calkins: 1905 APA president, n.d.). While attending Harvard, when Calkins was studying under William James, she discovered her interest in the topic of association.

   Mary Whiton Calkins – Open History of Psychology: The Lives and

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   How did Mary Whiton Calkins influence psychology?

   • It is also said that the death of Calkins’s sister during her junior year of college and the deteriorating health of her mother had a profound impact on Calkins’s way of thinking. HISTORICAL IMPACT Mary Whiton Calkins made a lasting impact on the field of psychology.

   Mary Whiton Calkins – Open History of Psychology: The Lives and

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   When did Mary Calkins become a professor?

   • In 1898, Mary Calkins was promoted to full professor at Wellesley College. Two years later, she published an important paper, "Psychology as a Science of Selves," which was her first attempt to provide a systematic analysis of her emerging theory of the conscious self as the central fact of psychology.

   Calkins, Mary Whiton (1863–1930) | Encyclopedia.com

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3. pressbooks.pub › chapter › mary-whiton-calkinsMary Whiton Calkins – Open History of Psychology: The Lives ...

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   Calkins achieved a doctoral degree from Harvard University which she was never awarded based on the gender limitations during this time period. As late as 2015, scholars were still petitioning for the posthumous awarding of Calkins’s doctoral degree with unsuccessful effort.

4. www.womenshistory.org › mary-whiton-calkinsMary Whiton Calkins | National Women's History Museum

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   Despite her record of achievements, Calkins is best known today for something she never received--a doctoral degree from Harvard University. The story has become a legend in academic psychology circles.

5. www.smithsonianmag.com › smart-news › brilliantThis 'Brilliant' Pioneering Psychologist Never Got a Ph.D ...

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   SMART NEWS. This ‘Brilliant’ Pioneering Psychologist Never Got a Ph.D….Technically. Despite “the most brilliant examination” Harvard had ever seen, the school didn’t grant degrees to women at...

6. www.newworldencyclopedia.org › Mary_Whiton_CalkinsMary Whiton Calkins - New World Encyclopedia

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   Mary Whiton Calkins started her career as a Greek instructor at Wellesley College, but with an undergraduate background in philosophy. When approached to join the philosophy department teaching the new field of psychologyshe accepted and furthered her studies in both fields. She established a psychology laboratory at Wellesley, the first psychology...

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   Mary Whiton Calkins is best remembered today for Harvard University's refusal to grant her a Ph.D. because she was a woman. She was offered a doctorate from Radcliffe College, but she turned it down. Efforts were made by a group of Harvard alumni in 1927, and a group of students at Kalamazoo College in Michiganin 2002, to have Harvard award her the...

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   Calkins, Mary Whiton. 1892. "Experimental Psychology at Wellesley College." American Journal of Psychology. 5, 464-271.

   Calkins, Mary Whiton. 1894. "Association." Psychological Review. 1, 476-483.

   Calkins, Mary Whiton. 1896. "Association." Psychological Review. 3, 32-49.

   Calkins, Mary Whiton. [1901] 2007. An Introduction to Psychology. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0548200912

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   Furumoto, L. 1980. "Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)." Psychology of Women Quarterly. 5, 55-68.

   Heidbreder, E. 1972. "Mary Whiton Calkins: A discussion." In Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 8, 56-68.

   Kimble, G.A., M. Wertheimer, and C. White (eds.). 1991. Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 0805811362

   Palmieri, P.A. 1983. "Here was fellowship: A social portrait of academic women at Wellesley College, 1895-1920." History of Education Quarterly. 23, 195-214.

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7. www.encyclopedia.com › women › encyclopediasCalkins, Mary Whiton (1863–1930) | Encyclopedia.com

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   Calkins, Mary Whiton (1863–1930) American psychologist and philosopher who was the first woman president of both the American Psychological Association and the American Philosophical Association. Born Mary Whiton Calkins in Hartford, Connecticut, on March 30, 1863; died in Newton, Massachusetts, on February 26, 1930; daughter of Wolcott (a ...

8. www.apa.org › bio-mary-whiton-calkinsMary Whiton Calkins: 1905 APA President

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   Mary Whiton Calkins was the 14th President of APA and the first woman to serve in that office. Although she earned her PhD at Harvard under William James, Calkins was refused the degree by the Harvard Corporation (who continues to refuse to grant the degree posthumously) on the grounds that Harvard did not accept women.

9. psycnet.apa.org › record › 1992/22348/001Short-term memory at the turn of the century: Mary Whiton ...

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   Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930) is often mentioned in accounts of the history of memory research as the inventor of the method of paired associates as well as for her investigations of primacy, recency, frequency, and vividness in association formation. Her experimental studies over the period from 1892 to 1894 not only introduced the paired associates method but were also pioneering ...