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From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Subcategories. This category has the following 166 subcategories, out of 166 total. Children of Nazi Germany (13 C, 196 F) Exiles from Nazi Germany (35 C, 4 F) Members of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (651 C, 123 F) People of Nazi Germany by name (2 C)
Nazi propaganda promoted Nazi ideology by demonising the enemies of the Nazi Party, notably Jews and communists, but also capitalists [1] and intellectuals. It promoted the values asserted by the Nazis, including heroic death, Führerprinzip (leader principle), Volksgemeinschaft (people's community), Blut und Boden (blood and soil), and pride ...
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Nazism ( / ˈnɑːtsɪzəm, ˈnæt -/ NA (H)T-siz-əm; also Naziism /- si.ɪzəm / ), [1] the common name in English for National Socialism ( German: Nationalsozialismus, German: [natsi̯oˈnaːlzotsi̯aˌlɪsmʊs] ⓘ ), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP ...
- Terminology
- Background
- Ransacking of The Institut für Sexualwissenschaft
- Nazi Views on Transgender People
- Transgender Life Under Nazi Rule
- Recognition and Remembrance
- See Also
- Works Cited
- Further Reading
The German word transsexualismus (lit.'transsexualism', adapted into English as the term transsexual) was first coined in 1923 by Magnus Hirschfeld, but would not enter widespread use until 30 years later with the work of Harry Benjamin. The term transgender, an English-German cognate, was not coined until 1965 and not widely accepted as a universa...
In the Weimar Republic, the government which ruled Germany from the end of World War I in 1918 until Adolf Hitler seized power in 1933, transgender people gained rights and freedoms unprecedented in Europe at the time, and much early progress was made in transgender medicine. The key figure in these advancements was Jewish-German physician and sexo...
The beginning of the end for the Golden Years of Berlin occurred on 20 July 1932, when Franz Von Papen orchestrated the 1932 Prussian coup d'état and took control of the Free State of Prussia as Reich Commissioner. Berlin was located in Prussia, and Papen, a conservative Catholic, began more strictly enforcing Paragraph 175 and other anti-homosexua...
Transgender women in Nazi Germany were treated as crossdressing men under the law and by law enforcement, and were often arrested tried under the same Paragraph 175 as homosexual men; however, Laurie Marhoefer notes that "Nazi officials did not simply think trans women were gay men." Bodie Ashton, a professor of German and LGBT history at the Unive...
Persecution
According to the Museum of Jewish Heritage, the Nazi government "brutally targeted the trans community, deporting many trans people to concentration camps and wiping out vibrant community structures." Transgender people (in particular male-to-female individuals) were often persecuted under the same Paragraph 175 which was widely used to target homosexuals, although there exist known instances of individuals being charged under Paragraph 183 alone, a public indecency law which was used as proh...
Imprisonment in concentration camps
Many transgender people were imprisoned and murdered in Nazi concentration camps, though it is unknown exactly how many were killed or died as a result of their mistreatment. In particular, as straight transgender women were viewed by the Nazis as a subset or variation of homosexual men—a sexuality whose manifestations in Germany the Nazis aimed to completely suppress—they were particularly targeted. Even in cases where transgender individuals were not killed or imprisoned in concentration ca...
Recognition
"Transgender" became widely recognized as an identity beginning only in the late 20th century, and the fight for legal recognition and rights for transgender people is an ongoing movement. In 2023, historian Laurie Marhoefer noted, "Up until the past few years, there had been little research on trans people under the Nazi regime." As such, it was not until the 2010s and 2020s that transgender people began to be recognized as victims of the Nazis and the Holocaust. On 23 June 2017, the German...
Denialism
In 2022, the Regional Court of Cologne ruled that denying that transgender people were victims of the Nazis qualifies as "a denial of Nazi crimes", which in Germany may be prosecuted as a crime. The ruling was an outcome of the civil libel suit of German biologist Marie-Luise Vollbrecht, who alleged libel against the German Society for Trans Identity and Intersexuality over their response to comments she made calling transgender people not "true victims" of the Holocaust. The court ultimately...
Books
1. Bartrop, Paul R.; Dickerman, Michael (2017). The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 457–458. ISBN 978-1-4408-4084-5. 2. Beachy, Robert (2014). Gay Berlin: birthplace of a modern identity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0307272102. 3. Dose, Ralf (2014). Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement. Monthly Review Press. ISBN 9781583674390. 4. Hirschfeld, Magnus (1923). "Die Intersexuelle Konstitution" [The Intersexual Constitu...
Articles
1. Ashton, Bodie A (21 December 2023). "The Parallel Lives of Liddy Bacroff: Transgender (Pre)History and the Tyranny of the Archive in Twentieth-Century Germany". German History. 42 (1): 79–100. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghad071. 2. Bauer, Heike (2017). The Hirschfeld Archives: Violence, Death, and Modern Queer Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. doi:10.17613/M6M20D. ISBN 978-1439914335. Retrieved 8 July 2018. 3. Bhinder, Jasmine; Upadhyaya, Prashant (2021). "Brief History of Gender Aff...
Press
1. Anarte, Enrique (27 January 2023). "German parliament remembers LGBTQ+ victims of the Nazis". Reuters. Berlin, Germany. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2023. 2. Connelly, Irene Katz (7 June 2023). "It was a pioneering trans library — until the Nazis burned it". The Forward. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2024. 3. Caraballo, Alejandra; Delaware, Mary (21 June 2023). "To protect gender-affirming care, we must learn from trans...
Ashton, Bodie (2024). "Trans* Körper als Frage der Staatssicherheit? Zwei Hamburger Fallstudien zur Verfolgung geschlechtsnonkonformer Menschen in der NS-Zeit". KörperZeiten. Dietrich Reimer Verlag...Evans, Jennifer; Mailänder, Elissa (2021). "Cross-dressing, Male Intimacy and the Violence of Transgression in Third Reich Photography". German History. 39 (1): 54–77. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghaa031.Herrn, Rainer (2013). "Transvestitismus in der NS-Zeit – Ein Forschungsdesiderat". Zeitschrift für Sexualforschung. 26 (4): 330–371. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1356172. S2CID 163793534.Herrn, Rainer (2014). "In der heutigen Staatsführung kann es nicht angehen, daß sich Männer in Frauenkleidung frei auf der Straße bewegen.". Homosexuelle im Nationalsozialismus (in German). De Gruy...Propaganda slide for compulsory sterilization. This image originates from a film produced by the Reich Propaganda Ministry. It is captioned: "A moral and religious conception of life demands the prevention of hereditarily ill offspring." Nazi propaganda aimed to create public support for the compulsory sterilization effort.
Feb 2, 2016 · Within the Still Photos Branch, the vast majority of these records pertain to Nazi Germany. Notable series include photographs taken by Heinrich Hoffman, Hitler’s official photographer, and a number of albums from Eva Braun, Hitler’s long-time girlfriend.
The government of Nazi Germany was a totalitarian dictatorship governed by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party according to the Führerprinzip. Nazi Germany was established in January 1933 with the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany, followed by suspension of basic rights with the Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act which ...
