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  1. 4 days ago · The Battle of Pharsalus was the culmination of a bitter power struggle that had been brewing for years between two of Rome‘s most powerful and ambitious leaders. On one side was Julius Caesar, the brilliant general who had conquered Gaul and become a hero to the masses.

    • Prologue
    • Commanders
    • Battle Positions
    • Attack
    • Aftermath

    The immensely popular Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, otherwise known as Pompey the Great, had enjoyed great military successes in Sicily and Africa, he had emphatically swept the Mediterranean clear of pirates and, most impressively of all, he had defeated Mithridates VI in the east. Ruling as a triumvirate with Julius Caesar and Marcus Licinius Crassus, ...

    Julius Caesar was noted for his use of speed (celeritas) and surprise (improvisum) in his military conquests. Often choosing to attack with the troops at his disposal rather than waiting to amass a larger force and establish secure supply lines, Caesar stored great faith in his own leadership skills and the fighting prowess of his legions. Fortunat...

    Caesar was keen to settle the issue immediately, but Pompey proved unwilling to abandon his advantage of high ground. After several days and seeing the stalemate, Caesar decided to pack up camp and leave in the hope of engaging Pompey somewhere else. However, early in the morning of the 9th of August, Pompey inexplicably moved his troops onto the p...

    Pompey attacked first using his cavalry and he drew a countercharge from Caesar's cavalry. Meanwhile, Caesar's front two infantry lines attacked and engaged all three lines of Pompey's infantry who stood their ground rather than employing the traditional advance to meet the oncoming enemy. This tactic may have been to tire Caesar's infantry by maki...

    Arriving by way of Cyprus, Pompey tried to convince the Egyptians to be his ally, but he was callously murdered on 28th September 48 BCE. Egypt had hoped to win Caesar's favour by presenting the head and signet ring of his once great enemy but, in fact, Caesar was said to have been moved to tears when he saw the fate of his rival. Restoring Cleopat...

    • Mark Cartwright
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  3. On August 9, 48 BC, the Battle of Pharsalus, a decisive engagement of the Great Roman Civil War, saw Julius Caesar’s forces outmaneuver and defeat Pompey’s larger army in Thessaly, near the Enipeus River.

  4. May 16, 2019 · In this collection, we examine the particular and unique features of Roman architecture in general, look at some of the quintessential structures such as Roman baths and fortification walls, and study in depth a selection of outstanding Roman buildings such as the Colosseum and Pantheon.

    • Mark Cartwright
    • Publishing Director
  5. Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE), the decisive engagement in the Roman civil war (49–45 BCE) between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great. Caesar successfully routed Pompey’s levies somewhere near Pharsalus (now Farsala, Greece). Pompey’s flight and subsequent murder handed Caesar the ultimate victory.

  6. The architecture of Rome over the centuries has greatly developed from Ancient Roman architecture to Italian modern and contemporary architecture. Rome was once the world's main epicentres of Classical architecture, developing new forms such as the arch, the dome and the vault.

  7. Dec 6, 2023 · Vespasian’s Colosseum, the Markets of Trajan, the Baths of Caracalla and the Basilica of Maxentius are just a few of the most impressive structures to come out of the architectural revolution in Rome. Roman architecture was not entirely comprised of concrete, however.

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