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the History of Luxembourg. The history of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg dates back to 1815. The French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte had conquered much of Europe but his disastrous campaign against Russia in 1812 foreshadowed the end of his rule. It was against this backdrop that in 1814 the great powers of Europe met in Vienna to discuss the ...
In 1555, the Duchy of Luxembourg was annexed by the Spanish Empire. This period of Spanish rule lasted until 1684, when the French took control of the region. The French were eventually replaced by the Austrians in 1795. In 1815, Mersch became part of the newly-established Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Under the Grand Duchy, Mersch flourished.
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- The Origins of The Empire
- The Sun Never Sets
- The Empire of The Last Spanish Habsburgs
- The Bourbon Spanish Empire: Reform and Recovery
- Twilight of The Global Empire
- Territories in Africa
- Legacy
- See Also
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During the last 250 years of the Reconquista era, the Castilian monarchy, tolerated the small Moorish taifa client-kingdom of Granada in the south-east by exacting tributes of gold, the parias, and, in so doing, ensuring that gold from the Niger region of Africa entered Europe. Castile also intervened in Northern Africa itself, competing with the P...
The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are sometimes called "the Golden Age of Spain" (in Spanish. As a result of the marriage politics of the Reyes Católicos, their grandson Charles inherited the Castilian empire in America, the Aragonese Empire in the Mediterranean (including a large portion of modern Italy), as well as the crown of the Holy Rom...
Traditionally, historians mark the Battle of Rocroi (1643) as the end of Spanish dominance in Europe, but the war was not finished. Supported by the French, the Catalans, Neapolitans, and Portuguese revolted against the Spanish in the 1640s. With the Netherlands effectively lost after the Battle of Lens in 1648, the Spanish made peace with the Dutc...
Under the Treaties of Utrecht (April 11, 1713), the European powers decided what the fate of Spain would be, in terms of the continental balance of power. The new Bourbon king Philip V retained the Spanish overseas empire, but ceded the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and Sardinia to Austria; Sicily and parts of Milan to Duchy of Savoy; and Gib...
The first major territory Spain was to lose in the nineteenth century was the vast and wild Louisiana Territory, which stretched north to Canada and was ceded by France in 1763. The French, under Napoleon, took back possession as part of the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800 and sold it to the United States (Louisiana Purchase, 1803). The destruction...
In 1481, the papal Bull Æterni regis had granted all land south of the Canary Islands to Portugal. Only this archipelago and the cities of Sidi Ifni (1476–1524), known then as "Santa Cruz de Mar Pequeña," Melilla (conquered by Pedro de Estopiñán in 1497), Villa Cisneros (founded in 1502 in current Western Sahara), Mazalquivir (1505), Peñón de Vélez...
The Spanish language and the Roman Catholic church were brought to America and to the Spanish East Indies (Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Marianas, Palau, and the Philippines) by Spanish colonization which began in the 15th century. It also played a crucial part in sustaining the Catholic Church as the leading Christian denomination in Europ...
Archer, Christon et al. 2002. World History of Warfare. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803244238.Armstrong, Edward. 1973. The emperor Charles V. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries. ISBN 9780518190127.Axtell, James, 1991. "The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America." Humanities12(5):12-18.Black, Jeremy. 1996. The Cambridge illustrated atlas of warfare: Renaissance to revolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521470331.All links retrieved February 7, 2023. 1. Library of Iberian Resources Online, Stanley G Payne A History of Spain and Portugal vol. 1 Ch 13 "The Spanish Empire".
Luxembourg took no part in the revolt of the Low Countries against Philip II of Spain; it was to remain with what is now Belgium as part of the Spanish Netherlands. The duchy was able to remain aloof from the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) for a time, but in 1635, when France became involved, a period of disaster began in Luxembourg, which was ...
- Véronique Lambert
Nov 15, 2021 · The Spanish Empire, controlled by the Kingdom of Spain, endured from the 15 th century all the way into the 20 th century. At its height, it controlled territory on five of the world’s continents, including large parts of Europe, the Americas, and the Caribbean, along with smaller possessions in Asia and Africa.
From the 16th to 19th centuries, Luxembourg was an important pawn on the European chessboard. Luxembourg was integrated into the Netherlands and often changed sovereignties from the 16th to 19th centuries. From the 15th to the 17th century, the Duchy belonged to the Habsburgs. In the early 18th century, Luxembourg was given to the Austrian ...
A brief truce under the happy reign of Isabella Clara Eugenia and Albert, Sovereigns of the Netherlands, ended by 1621, and the Dutch Revolt now became part of the wider Thirty Years War (1618-1648) which engulfed the whole of Europe. Luxembourg once again faced constant warfare between Spanish mercenaries, Dutch rebels and French troops, with ...
