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1. • • Dictionary is a collection of key, value pairs. They can be changed. Let’s understand it with an example suppose you own a bakery there is a price corresponding to each cake. So here keys are cake names (i.e. vanilla, chocolate…), and their prices are the corresponding values.
     www.codespeedy.com › dictionary-in-cpp

     Dictionary in C++ with examples - CodeSpeedy

2. Top results related to what are the function of dictionary in c compiler and interpreter in c++

   • In C++ what are the benefits of using exceptions and try / catch instead of just returning an error code?

     Top Answer

     Answered Oct 13, 2008 · 29 votes

     Possibly an obvious point - a developer can ignore (or not be aware of) your return status and go on blissfully unaware that something failed.

     An exception needs to be acknowledged in some way - it can't be silently ignored without actively putting something in place to do so.

     Other Answers

     Answered Oct 13, 2008 · 29 votes

     The advantage of exceptions are two fold:

     • ["They can't be ignored. You must deal with them at some level, or they will terminate your program. With error code, you must explicitly check for them, or they are lost.",""]
     • ["They can be ignored. If an error can't be dealt with at one level, it will automatically bubble up to the next level, where it can be. Error codes must be explicitly passed up until they reach the level where it can be dealt with.",""]

     Other Answers

     Answered Oct 13, 2008 · 18 votes

     The advantage is that you don't have to check the error code after each potentially failing call. In order for this to work though, you need to combine it with RAII classes so that everything gets automatically cleaned up as the stack unwinds.

     With error messages:

     int DoSomeThings(){ int error = 0; HandleA hA; error = CreateAObject(&ha); if (error) goto cleanUpFailedA;- HandleB hB; error = CreateBObjectWithA(hA, &hB); if (error) goto cleanUpFailedB;- HandleC hC; error = CreateCObjectWithA(hB, &hC); if (error) goto cleanUpFailedC;- ...- cleanUpFailedC: DeleteCObject(hC); cleanUpFailedB: DeleteBObject(hB); cleanUpFailedA: DeleteAObject(hA);- return error;}-

     With Exceptions and RAII

     void DoSomeThings(){ RAIIHandleA hA = CreateAObject(); RAIIHandleB hB = CreateBObjectWithA(hA); RAIIHandleC hC = CreateCObjectWithB(hB); ...}-struct RAIIHandleA{ HandleA Handle; RAIIHandleA(HandleA handle) : Handle(handle) {} ~RAIIHandleA() { DeleteAObject(Handle); }}...-

     On first glance, the RAII/Exceptions version seems longer, until you realize that the cleanup code needs to be written only once (and there are ways to simplify that). But the second version of DoSomeThings is much clearer and maintainable.

     DO NOT try and use exceptions in C++ without the RAII idiom, as you will leak resources and memory. All your cleanup needs to be done in destructors of stack-allocated objects.

     I realize there are other ways to do the error code handling, but they all end up looking somewhat the same. If you drop the gotos, you end up repeating clean up code.

     One point for error codes, is that they make it obvious where things can fail, and how they can fail. In the above code, you write it with the assumption that things are not going to fail (but if they do, you'll be protected by the RAII wrappers). But you end up paying less heed to where things can go wrong.

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   • What are the different between calling constructor and calling function pointer of constructor in C++

     Top Answer

     Answered Jan 28, 2024 · 0 votes

     Calling a constructor and calling a function pointer of a constructor in C++ are very similar in the sense that they are both quite impossible:

     • You cannot call a constructor in C++.
     • You cannot obtain a pointer to a constructor in C++.

     According to the C++ spec about constructors:

     Constructors have no names and cannot be called directly.

     So, in C++, you do not call constructors. The language does that for you when you use the new keyword, when you declare an object on the stack, etc. The expression new MyClass() might look like a constructor invocation, and it does in fact contain a constructor invocation, and so it might be mistaken for a constructor invocation, but that's not what it is; it is a "new expression", which includes, among other things, an invocation of a constructor. But the other things are crucial: you cannot just skip them and directly invoke the constructor.

     Function pointers of constructors do not exist because normally you cannot take the address of a constructor. If you examine the names exported by the DLL, and somehow figure out which name corresponds to the constructor, and use that name to obtain the entry point of that constructor from the DLL, you are cheating: you are doing something which is not normally supported by the language. As a result, you should not attempt to invoke that entry point. A constructor is only supposed to be invoked by the language.

     Also according to the C++ spec:

     A constructor is a special non-static member function of a class.

     (Emphasis mine.)

     A constructor assumes that memory has been allocated, and proceeds to initialize that memory. The language takes care of the memory allocation, but invoking the constructor directly does not. Since a constructor is non-static, it expects an uninitialized this to be passed to it, but you are not allocating any memory and you are not passing anything to the constructor. The result is exactly as expected: a crash.

     And besides, think about it: the constructor could not be internally allocating the memory, because how would it work then if the object was allocated on the stack? And how would it work if the constructor was being invoked by the constructor of a derived class which presumably occupies more memory?

     You can get your DLL to work by using a factory method. A factory method is a public static method which executes new ClassA() and returns the result, or declares ClassA() and returns it by value. Then, obtain the address of the factory method from the DLL, and invoke it.

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     2/5

   • What are the hazards of comparing expression of different signedness in C and C++?

     Top Answer

     Answered Sep 12, 2020 · 0 votes

     Integers and unsigned integers have the same amount of bits. However, for the signed integer, because of the way one's complement (and with c++20 two's complement) works, the first bit can be interpreted as a “sign bit“: When it is 1, the number is negative.

     So an unsigned int with a 1 as first bit is a very large number, whereas a signed int with a 1 as first bit is a negative number. Comparing the two numbers will thus not work, which is why you have to provide an explicit conversion.

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     3/5

   • C++ What is the best way of reading the dictionary from text file and storing it in the sorted container

     Top Answer

     Answered May 23, 2017 · 4 votes

     Instead of adding sorted values to a std::set, you could push the strings to a std::vector or std::deque (Note: Do not use the std::deque of msvc (2013) - is is not better than a std::list).

     A std::set should have a good performance finding the proper insertion point, if it is respecting the hint 'at end'. However, std::set is allocating nodes for each element individually.

     Having a sequence of data, you can perform a binary search (std::lower_bound) on that data.

     See also:

     • Binary Search:Where can I get a "useful" C++ binary search algorithm?
     • MSVC deque:profiling: deque is 23% of my runtime

     Note: Having C++11 you might consider vector::reserve(huge_amount) and vector::shrink_to fit()

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     4/5

   • What are the different versions of exec used for in C and C++?

     Top Answer

     Answered Nov 09, 2019 · 217 votes

     The differences are combinations of:

     • L vs V: whether you want to pass the parameters to the exec'ed program asL: individual parameters in the call (variable argument list): execl(), execle(), execlp(), and execlpe()
     • V: as an array of char* execv(), execve(), execvp(), and execvpe()

     The array format is useful when the number of parameters that are to be sent to the exec'ed process are variable -- as in not known in advance, so you can't put in a fixed number of parameters in a function call.

     E: The versions with an 'e' at the end let you additionally pass an array of char* that are a set of strings added to the spawned processes environment before the exec'ed program launches. Yet another way of passing parameters, really.

     P: The versions with 'p' in there use the environment variable PATH

     to search for the executable file named to execute. The versions without the 'p' require an absolute or relative file path to be prepended to the filename of the executable if it is not in the current working directory.

     • E: The versions with an 'e' at the end let you additionally pass an array of char* that are a set of strings added to the spawned processes environment before the exec'ed program launches. Yet another way of passing parameters, really.
     • P: The versions with 'p' in there use the environment variable PATHto search for the executable file named to execute. The versions without the 'p' require an absolute or relative file path to be prepended to the filename of the executable if it is not in the current working directory.

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     5/5

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3. People also ask

   Does C# use both compiler and interpreter?

   • It takes the program, one line at a time, and translates each line before running it: It translates the first line and runs it, then translates the second line and runs it etc. Compiler characteristics: Interpreter characteristics: so c# uses both compiler and interpreter? That's not correct. Both languages are both compiled and interpreted.

   How does an interpreter/compiler work - Stack Overflow

   stackoverflow.com/questions/2377273/how-does-an-interpreter-compiler-work

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   What is the difference between compiler and interpreter?

   • Compiler, transforms source code in one computer language to another one. Interpreter, executes source code directly (usually inside its own virtual machine). (source: answers.com) Generally interpreter is performance costly. Nearly all interpreters execute compiled byte code, and some (simulators) execute compiled machine code.

   How does an interpreter/compiler work - Stack Overflow

   stackoverflow.com/questions/2377273/how-does-an-interpreter-compiler-work

   See all results for this question

   Do I need an interpreter if I compile a program?

   • If you compile a program into something the machine understands, then you dont need an interpreter. Moreover, the point of the question is the difference between the object code produced by a compiler and the midcode (eg: bytecode) produced for example by a Java compiler that is then interpreted by a real Interpreter each time its run.

   How does an interpreter/compiler work - Stack Overflow

   stackoverflow.com/questions/2377273/how-does-an-interpreter-compiler-work

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   How does a language interpreter work?

   • Then you run the result. Interpreters An interpreter is also a program that translates a high-level language into a low-level one, but it does it at the moment the program is run. You write the program using a text editor or something similar, and then instruct the interpreter to run the program.

   How does an interpreter/compiler work - Stack Overflow

   stackoverflow.com/questions/2377273/how-does-an-interpreter-compiler-work

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4. stackoverflow.com › questions › 4384359data structures - Quick Way to Implement Dictionary in C ...

   stackoverflow.com › questions › 4384359

   • Cached

   159. Section 6.6 of The C Programming Language presents a simple dictionary (hashtable) data structure. I don't think a useful dictionary implementation could get any simpler than this. For your convenience, I reproduce the code here. struct nlist { /* table entry: */. struct nlist *next; /* next entry in chain */.

   Code sample

   struct nlist {

     struct nlist *next;

     char *name;

     char *defn;

   };...

   See more on stackoverflow

5. www.geeksforgeeks.org › implementation-on-map-orImplementation on Map or Dictionary Data Structure in C

   www.geeksforgeeks.org › implementation-on-map-or

   • Cached

   Mar 27, 2023 · Last Updated : 27 Mar, 2023. C programming language does not provide any direct implementation of Map or Dictionary Data structure. However, it doesn’t mean we cannot implement one. In C, a simple way to implement a map is to use arrays and store the key-value pairs as elements of the array .

6. www.geeksforgeeks.org › language-processorsLanguage Processors: Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter

   www.geeksforgeeks.org › language-processors

   • Cached

   Mar 8, 2024 · 1. Compiler. The language processor that reads the complete source program written in high-level language as a whole in one go and translates it into an equivalent program in machine language is called a Compiler. Example: C, C++, C#. In a compiler, the source code is translated to object code successfully if it is free of errors.

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8. www.geeksforgeeks.org › linkerLinker - GeeksforGeeks

   www.geeksforgeeks.org › linker

   • Cached

   May 9, 2023 · Linker is a program in a system which helps to link object modules of a program into a single object file. It performs the process of linking. Linkers are also called as link editors. Linking is a process of collecting and maintaining piece of code and data into a single file. Linker also links a particular module into system library.

9. root.cern.ch › root › html534ROOT: analyzing petabytes of data, scientifically. - ROOT

   root.cern.ch › root › html534

   • Cached

   It works with any ANSI-C/C++ compiler to provide the interpreter environment on top of it. Simplifies C++. CINT is meant to bring C++ to the non-software professional. C++ is simpler to use in the interpreter environment. It helps the non-software professional (the domain expert) to talk the same language as the software counterpart.

10. medium.com › @abhishekjainindore24 › demystifyingDemystifying Compiler vs Interpreter: Understanding ... - Medium

    medium.com › @abhishekjainindore24 › demystifying

    • Cached

    Jan 28, 2024 · A compiler is a specialized program that translates the entire source code of a program written in a high-level programming language into machine code or an intermediate code. This translation is ...

11. www.toppr.com › system-software › interpreterWhat is an Interpreter? Types, Differences, Advantages ...

    www.toppr.com › system-software › interpreter

    • Cached

    Interpreter. An interpreter is a program that directly executes the instructions in a high-level language, without converting it into machine code. In programming, we can execute a program in two ways. Firstly, through compilation and secondly, through an interpreter. The common way is to use a compiler. Strategies of an Interpreter