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  1. House / Dynasty: Carolingian dynasty. Louis III (born 863—died Aug. 5, 882, Saint-Denis, Fr.) was the king of France ( i.e., Francia Occidentalis, the West Frankish kingdom) from 879 to 882, whose decisive victory over the Northmen in August 881, at Saucourt, Ponthieu, briefly stemmed the incursions of the Scandinavian invaders into northern ...

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  2. Mar 22, 2024 · son Louis III. Louis II (born 846—died April 10, 879, Compiègne, Fr.) was the king of Francia Occidentalis (the West Frankish kingdom) from 877 until his death. Louis, the son of King Charles II the Bald, was made king of Aquitaine under his father’s tutelage in 867. Charles became emperor in 875 and two years later left Louis as regent ...

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  4. Mar 22, 2024 · Louis (born Aug. 25, 1707, Madrid—died Aug. 31, 1724, Madrid) was the king of Spain in 1724, son of Philip V. Louis was born during the War of the Spanish Succession, which disputed his French father’s succession to the Spanish throne; thus, his birth was celebrated by the French and the Spanish. Louis XIV of France was his great-grandfather.

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    • Background
    • Rival Claims and Partitions
    • War of The Spanish Succession
    • Peace Treaties

    In the late 1690s, the declining health of childless King Charles II of Spain deepened the ongoing dispute over his succession. Spain was no longer a hegemonic power in Europe but the Spanish Empire—a vast confederation that covered the globe and was still the largest of the European overseas empires—remained resilient. Ultimately, the main rivals ...

    The French claim derived from Louis XIV’s mother, Anne of Austria (the older sister of Philip IV of Spain), and his wife, Maria Theresa (Philip IV’s eldest daughter). France had the stronger claim, as it originated from the eldest daughters in two generations. However, their renunciation of succession rights complicated matters, although in the cas...

    By 1708, the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy had secured victory in the Spanish Netherlands and in Italy and defeated Louis XIV’s ally Bavaria. The Allies suffered a Pyrrhic victory at the 1709 Battle of Malplaquet, with 21,000 casualties, twice that of the French. French forces elsewhere continued to fight despite their defeats. The...

    The 1713 Treaty of Utrecht recognized Louis XIV’s grandson Philip, Duke of Anjou, as King of Spain (as Philip V), thus confirming the succession stipulated in the will of Charles II. However, Philip was compelled to renounce for himself and his descendants any right to the French throne. The Spanish territories in Europe were apportioned: Savoy rec...

  5. Aug 15, 2022 · The first few years of the Thirty Years War Spain could still handle the pressure because there was no fighting in the Netherlands thanks to the Twelve Year Truce. When that ended in 1621, though, Spain was fighting on two fronts in northern Europe. This was problematic, because either fight was worthy of Spain’s full attention and required ...

  6. Dec 9, 2022 · In addition to Spain's ceding Louisiana and several warships to France, they also divided up the northern Italian states. Footnote 44 Spain guaranteed that Ferdinando of Bourbon would cede to France the duchy of Parma. In exchange, his son – married to Carlos IV's daughter, Maria Luisa of Bourbon – received the duchy of Tuscany with the new ...

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