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Austria-Hungary, the Hapsburg empire from 1867 until its collapse in 1918. The result of a constitutional compromise (Ausgleich) between Emperor Franz Joseph and Hungary (then part of the empire), it consisted of diverse dynastic possessions and an internally autonomous kingdom of Hungary.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Austria-Hungary constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg monarchy: it was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War and was dissolved shortly after Hungary terminated the union with Austria on 31 October 1918.
- Introduction↑
- Austria-Hungary in 1914↑
- The Military↑
- Entering The War↑
- War at The Fronts↑
- Mobilizations on The Home Fronts↑
- Camps↑
- 1917-1918↑
- Conclusion↑
The assassination of the Habsburg heir in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 set in motion events that led to a global war. Arguably it was eighty-three-year-old Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria (1830-1916), pressured by military advisers, government ministers, and his German ally, who unleashed the war. Austria-Hungary’s wartime experiences, however, ra...
In 1914 Austria-Hungary was Europe’s second largest state (after Russia) with its third largest population (after Russia and Germany). It covered an area that today lies within the borders of Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Serbia, and Ukraine. Austria-Hungary held no ex...
The liberal reform era that established Austria and Hungary as separate states in 1867 had also created a system of general conscription for military service that applied to all male citizens of Austria and Hungary. The law shortened the period of service to three years (later two), ending the practice that allowed some men to dodge military servic...
In the summer of 1914 a small circle of men in the military high command, foremost among them Chief of the General Staff Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf (1852-1925), wanted Austria-Hungary to declare war on its neighbor Serbia. Ostensibly, they sought to punish Serbia for what they claimed had been its government’s proven involvement in planning the 24...
Austria-Hungary began mobilizing for a single-front war on 28 July. In less than a year however, and for the duration, Austria-Hungary found itself trapped in a three-front war for which it had not planned. The War Command (Armeeoberkommando, or AOK), originally implemented its Plan B (Balkan) to invade Serbia from three sides, even though Conrad v...
From 1914 to 1917 Austria-Hungary also experienced revolutionary economic and social transformations on the home front. From changes in labor and gender relations to ongoing crises in food provision, the movements of thousands of refugees, and the rise of rumors and denunciation as a way of life, the war revolutionized every aspect of what came to ...
Late in 1914, over 7,000 Ukrainian citizens — often whole villages — were deported from Galicia to notorious internment camps in Moravia (Theresienstadt) and Styria (Thalerhof). Treated as enemies of the state, the deportees suffered horrendous conditions. Other camps had to be constructed to hold the hundreds of thousands of Russian and Italian PO...
The year 1917 brought political transformation to Austria-Hungary, if no improvement in wartime conditions. The most consequential change was the death of Emperor-King Francis Joseph after almost sixty-eight years as ruler. Many people found it difficult to imagine a future without this familiar and unifying figure as head of state. The new emperor...
There is no agreed date on which the Habsburg Monarchy ceased to exist, either practically, formally, or institutionally. Taken together, the declarations of regional independence in October and Charles’s non-abdication ended the empire. Yet despite those regional proclamations of independence, it was usually the military situation on the ground th...
World War I began when Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia in July 1914, following the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers, along with the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Austro-Hungarian forces fought the Allies in Serbia, on the Eastern Front, in Italy, and in Romania.
History of Austria, a survey of the important events and people in the history of Austria from ancient times to the present. In the territories of Austria, the first traces of human settlement date from the Lower Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age).
Due to the devastation caused by the war, the death and brain drain of scientists, and the destruction of the financial resources, the First Austrian Republic was unable to build on the high level of scientific research reached before the outbreak of First World War. Table of Contents. 1 Introduction. 2 Lorenz Böhler: Trauma Surgeon in Wartime.
The 1917 October Revolution and the Wilsonian peace pronouncements from January 1918 onward encouraged socialism on the one hand, and nationalism on the other, or alternatively a combination of both tendencies, among all peoples of the Habsburg monarchy. [3]
