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- It was created by the coronation of the Frankish king Charlemagne as Roman emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day in the year 800, thus restoring in their eyes the western Roman Empire that had been leaderless since 476.
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The Dutch people started to develop a national identity, beginning in the 15th century, but they officially remained a part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1648. National identity was mainly formed by the province people came from. Holland was the most important province by far.
The Holy Roman Empire, [e] also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. [19] It developed in the Early Middle Ages and lasted for almost 1,000 years until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.
The French king Philip II Augustus seized the chance to influence the succession in Flanders, and when the Flemings resisted and formed an anti-French alliance with John of England and the Holy Roman emperor Otto IV, Philip defeated the coalition at the Battle of Bouvines (1214).
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Imperial Institutions in The Renaissance
- Empire and Reformation
- War and Peace in The Confessional Era
- Art and Culture in The PolyCentric Empire
- Austro-Prussian Dualism and The End of The Empire
- Bibliography
At the end of the fifteenth century the empire entered a period of institutional growth and increased political importance. The focus of the empire had shifted to its German-speaking lands, especially the wealthy southern area known as Upper Germany, which saw the birth and growth of effective imperial institutions. Foremost was its parliament, the...
The Protestant Reformation did not cause the division of Germany into dozens of independent territories; in fact, the reverse is true. The extraordinarily diverse and divided political landscape of the empire in the early sixteenth century was the single most important factor in the spread of evangelical ideas and the adoption of church reforms. As...
The Protestant princes and free cities of the empire created their own territorial churches by seizing the lands of monasteries and churches, severing all links with Rome, and overseeing the doctrine and morals of their subjects. Scholars have labeled this process "confessionalization," and it is the defining characteristic of the empire in the per...
In the century after the Peace of Westphalia, the fundamental acceptance of the existence of the empire by the other European powers led to a period of relative peace and prosperity. During this period German art, music, and learned culture once again flourished. Eighteenth-century observers lamented the empire's lack of a capital city that could s...
The revival of the Habsburgs' military power and imperial authority began during the reign of Emperor Leopold I (ruled 1658–1705), as the empire was threatened by French and Turkish aggression. These threats resulted in the loss of imperial cities like Strasbourg to France (1681) and the Ottoman siege of Vienna (1683), but without imperial leadersh...
Primary Sources
Lindberg, Carter, ed.The European Reformations Source-book.Oxford and Malden, Mass., 2000. Good documentation of the Protestant Reformation in the empire. Macartney, C. A., ed.The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. New York, 1970. Pufendorf, Samuel.Die Verfassung des deutschen Reiches. Translated and edited by Horst Denzer. Frankfurt am Main, 1994. Translation ofDe statu imperii Germanici(1667). Scott, Tom, and Robert W. Scribner, eds. and trans.T...
Secondary Sources
Aretin, Karl Otmar, Freiherr von.Das alte Reich, 1648–1806. 4 vols. Stuttgart, 1993–2000. Fundamental to any discussion of the empire after the Peace of Westphalia. Asch, Ronald G.The Thirty Years War: The Holy Roman Empire and Europe, 1618–1648.Basingstoke, U.K., 1997. Blickle, Peter.Obedient Germans? A Rebuttal: A New View of German History.Translated by Thomas A. Brady, Jr. Charlottesville, Va., 1997. Brady, Thomas A., Jr. "Settlements: The Holy Roman Empire." InHandbook of European Histor...
Flanders. …held east of it (called Imperial Flanders, or Rijksvlaanderen, as part of the Holy Roman Empire). The Flemish counts enjoyed virtual independence from weak French kings during this time. The first dynasty of counts died out in 1119, but Flanders rose to the height of its power and wealth under….
Dec 20, 2023 · The Holy Roman Empire. One of Europe's longest-lasting states, the Holy Roman Empire dominated European political and military matters for much of its 1,000 years of existence. A complex web of city-states, kingdoms, empires, bishoprics, and principalities, this "empire" was more of a loose confederacy than a single unified nation.
Key Points. In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans, reviving the title in Western Europe after more than three centuries, thus creating the Carolingian Empire, whose territory came to be known as the Holy Roman Empire. After the dissolution of the Carolingian Dynasty and the breakup of the empire into conflicting ...
