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Pope Martin IV excommunicated both Peter and Michael VIII Palaiologos for providing Peter with 60,000 gold pieces to invade Sicily. [9] Catalan ground troops were commanded by Guillem Galceran de Cartellà, and were formed by the famous and feared almogavars , crossbowmen , and lancers .
After the uprising Martin lost no time condemning the rebels and their allies, he excommunicated Peter and placed Sicily under interdict in November 1282, and in the following year he relieved Peter’s subjects of their fealty and offered the kingdom of Aragon to a son of Philip III of France.
Peter was the eldest son of James I of Aragon and his second wife Violant of Hungary. On 13 June 1262, Peter married Constance II of Sicily , daughter and heiress of Manfred of Sicily . During his youth and early adulthood, Peter gained a great deal of military experience in his father's wars of the Reconquista against the Moors .
He excommunicated Peter III of Aragon whom the Sicilians had elected as their king, declared his kingdom of Aragon forfeited and ordered a crusade to be preached against him. But all his efforts proved useless.
It bothered Peter little that the French pontiff excommunicated him; in this he was following in the distinguished footsteps of his predecessor, Frederick II. By February 1283 Peter had occupied Calabria and was threatening shipping as far north as Naples.
Peter III of Aragon was King of Aragon, King of Valencia, and Count of Barcelona from 1276 to his death. At the invitation of some rebels, he conquered the Kingdom of Sicily and became King of Sicily in 1282, pressing the claim of his wife, Constance II of Sicily, uniting the kingdom to the crown.
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Eventually Charles lost Sicily to Aragon and his entire Mediterranean empire crumbled. Michael struggled in his relationship with the Church. Initially supportive of Michael, the patriarch Arsenios Autoreianos excommunicated the emperor for blinding John IV.
