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Jan 10, 2019 · His marriage was not a success either, and he soon gave up the administration of Bohemia for a life of travel across Europe. His military campaigns saw him, as a rival of King Wladyslaw I for the Polish crown, lend his support to the Teutonic Knights, who raised a crusade against the pagan Lithuanians during the Polish-Teutonic War of 1326-1332.
Aug 26, 2020 · As a result, soon John gave up the administration of the country, separated from with his wife, and left the country to be governed by the barons. He began to travel actively and spent a lot of time in Luxembourg and at the French court.
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Jan 19, 2020 · Incidentally, as John was quite frequently absent from Bohemia, he decided to leave the administration of the kingdom in the hands of his viceroys. One of the most famous campaigns John participated in was the Northern Crusades, during which he aided the Teutonic Order against the pagans of Lithuania.
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- Overview
- The Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia (895–1306)
In 895 the prince of Bohemia made an accord with Arnulf, the German king who had attacked Moravia, and thereby warded off the danger of invasion. The domain over which the house of Přemysl ruled from Prague was in the early 10th century the largest political unit in Bohemia. Hostile tribal chieftains controlled the eastern and northeastern districts, but the extent of their power is not known. The most powerful of them, the Slavníks residing at Libice, remained defiant until the end of the 10th century.
At first Bohemia maintained close relations with neighbouring Bavaria. Both countries were threatened for several decades by the Magyars and by the rise in Germany of the Saxon dynasty, which began with Henry I (the Fowler) in 918 and reached its climax with the imperial coronation of Otto I in Rome in 962. (This coronation marked the restitution of the Holy Roman Empire, with which Bohemia was linked thereafter for many centuries.)
Bohemia’s orientation toward the Saxon dynasty began in the 920s under Wenceslas I (Czech: Václav), the grandson of the Czech prince Bořivoj. It was symbolized by the dedication of a stone church at the Prague castle to a Saxon saint, Vitus. Both Slavic and Latin legends praise Wenceslas and his grandmother St. Ludmila as fervent Christian believers but tell little about his political activities. After Wenceslas was murdered in 929 or 935—according to legend, by his younger brother and successor, Boleslav I—the prince became regarded as the patron saint of Bohemia. The legends present the murder as an outburst against Wenceslas’s devotion to the new faith, but the conspiracy probably had a strong political motivation—namely, the payment of annual tribute to the king of Germany.
Boleslav I attempted, unsuccessfully, to loosen the ties Wenceslas had made with the Saxon dynasty. Like his brother, however, he reigned as a Christian prince; his daughter married Prince Mieszko I of Poland and helped to spread Christianity in that country. His son and successor, Boleslav II, used his friendly relations with the pope and the emperor to enhance his prestige. He attached new territories east of Bohemia to his father’s annexations. In 973 a bishopric for the entire principality was founded in Prague. Bohemia was thus taken off the Bavarian metropolitan jurisdiction and subordinated to the geographically distant archbishop of Mainz. The first bishop of Prague, Thietmar, was from the Saxon land but knew the Slavic language. He was succeeded in 982 by Adalbert (Vojtěch), a member of the Slavník family, the second most powerful princely clan in the land. In 995 Boleslav II moved against the Slavníks and slaughtered the whole clan. Adalbert survived because he had gone abroad to spread Christianity. (In Hungary he baptized the country’s future patron saint, King Stephen I, but in 997, on the shores of the Baltic Sea, he was killed by heathens.)
Struggles among the descendants of Boleslav II plagued Bohemia for the first three decades of the 11th century and considerably reduced its power. Most of the territories that had been attached to the country in the 10th century were lost. Bohemia’s fortunes improved when Prince Břetislav I, a grandson of Boleslav II, led a successful expedition into Moravia; he conquered only a minor portion of the former Great Moravia, but it was large enough to constitute a province, and it was linked from then on with Bohemia.
The ambitions of Břetislav, who was enthroned in 1034, ran higher, and he invaded Poland in 1039—with only temporary success. Incurring the indignation of the German king Henry III, he was forced to evacuate the conquered territory and to make an oath of fealty (1041). In the latter part of his reign, Břetislav cooperated with Henry III (who was crowned Holy Roman emperor in 1046), thus protecting his domain against armed intervention. Břetislav’s submission marked the end of Bohemian attempts to break out from the hegemony of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire.
In 895 the prince of Bohemia made an accord with Arnulf, the German king who had attacked Moravia, and thereby warded off the danger of invasion. The domain over which the house of Přemysl ruled from Prague was in the early 10th century the largest political unit in Bohemia. Hostile tribal chieftains controlled the eastern and northeastern districts, but the extent of their power is not known. The most powerful of them, the Slavníks residing at Libice, remained defiant until the end of the 10th century.
At first Bohemia maintained close relations with neighbouring Bavaria. Both countries were threatened for several decades by the Magyars and by the rise in Germany of the Saxon dynasty, which began with Henry I (the Fowler) in 918 and reached its climax with the imperial coronation of Otto I in Rome in 962. (This coronation marked the restitution of the Holy Roman Empire, with which Bohemia was linked thereafter for many centuries.)
Bohemia’s orientation toward the Saxon dynasty began in the 920s under Wenceslas I (Czech: Václav), the grandson of the Czech prince Bořivoj. It was symbolized by the dedication of a stone church at the Prague castle to a Saxon saint, Vitus. Both Slavic and Latin legends praise Wenceslas and his grandmother St. Ludmila as fervent Christian believers but tell little about his political activities. After Wenceslas was murdered in 929 or 935—according to legend, by his younger brother and successor, Boleslav I—the prince became regarded as the patron saint of Bohemia. The legends present the murder as an outburst against Wenceslas’s devotion to the new faith, but the conspiracy probably had a strong political motivation—namely, the payment of annual tribute to the king of Germany.
Boleslav I attempted, unsuccessfully, to loosen the ties Wenceslas had made with the Saxon dynasty. Like his brother, however, he reigned as a Christian prince; his daughter married Prince Mieszko I of Poland and helped to spread Christianity in that country. His son and successor, Boleslav II, used his friendly relations with the pope and the emperor to enhance his prestige. He attached new territories east of Bohemia to his father’s annexations. In 973 a bishopric for the entire principality was founded in Prague. Bohemia was thus taken off the Bavarian metropolitan jurisdiction and subordinated to the geographically distant archbishop of Mainz. The first bishop of Prague, Thietmar, was from the Saxon land but knew the Slavic language. He was succeeded in 982 by Adalbert (Vojtěch), a member of the Slavník family, the second most powerful princely clan in the land. In 995 Boleslav II moved against the Slavníks and slaughtered the whole clan. Adalbert survived because he had gone abroad to spread Christianity. (In Hungary he baptized the country’s future patron saint, King Stephen I, but in 997, on the shores of the Baltic Sea, he was killed by heathens.)
Struggles among the descendants of Boleslav II plagued Bohemia for the first three decades of the 11th century and considerably reduced its power. Most of the territories that had been attached to the country in the 10th century were lost. Bohemia’s fortunes improved when Prince Břetislav I, a grandson of Boleslav II, led a successful expedition into Moravia; he conquered only a minor portion of the former Great Moravia, but it was large enough to constitute a province, and it was linked from then on with Bohemia.
The ambitions of Břetislav, who was enthroned in 1034, ran higher, and he invaded Poland in 1039—with only temporary success. Incurring the indignation of the German king Henry III, he was forced to evacuate the conquered territory and to make an oath of fealty (1041). In the latter part of his reign, Břetislav cooperated with Henry III (who was crowned Holy Roman emperor in 1046), thus protecting his domain against armed intervention. Břetislav’s submission marked the end of Bohemian attempts to break out from the hegemony of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire.
Background. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg had settled religious disputes in the Holy Roman Empire by enshrining the principle of Cuius regio, eius religio, allowing a prince to determine the religion of his subjects.
Reinhard Heydrich, the commander of the German Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), the acting governor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a principal architect of the Holocaust, [1] was assassinated during the Second World War in a coordinated operation by the Czechoslovak resistance.
After a decisive victory of the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia over invading Magyars in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld, Boleslaus I of Bohemia was granted the Moravia by German emperor Otto the Great. Bohemia would remain a largely autonomous state under the Holy Roman Empire for several decades.
